Chapter 17 Review of “Classification”
Dec 18, 2015
Classification
• Grouping things according to similar characteristics, and separating them from others by differing characteristics
• The science of classifying living things is taxonomy
Used to classify organisms:
• Cells and their organelles
• Growth and development
• Blood chemistry
• DNA
• Energetics
• Body structures/organs
Early Systems of Classification
• Aristotle – for animals 2000 years ago
• Theophrastus – for plants 2000 years ago
• Linnaeus (Karl von Linne) – all organisms in the 1700’s
• Linnaeus is known as the “father of modern taxonomy”
Linnaeus continued that in his
development of a
“dichotomous key”
How to use the dichotomous key
Classification Levels• All organisms are placed in one of 5
kingdoms
• Kingdoms are divided into several phyla (phylum) or divisions
• Phyla are subdivided into classes
• Classes are divided into several orders
• Order contain several families
• Each family has several genera (genus)
• Each genus is made up of related species
Species sometimes have “varieties”
The definition of a species is groups that can breed to form fertile offspring
Human Classification
• Kingdom Animalia• Phylum Chordata• Class Mammalia• Order Primates• Family Hominidae• Genus Homo• Species sapiens
Binomial Nomenclature
• Each organism has a two-part Latin name in Linnaeus’ system
• Capitalized Genus
• Lower case species
• Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Pseudotsuga heterophylla, Bacillus cereus, Canis familiaris, Felis domesticus, Equus asinus
• Discoverer gets to name it !
Kingdoms of Living Things
• Monera• Protista• Fungi• Animalia• Plantae
• Whittaker in 1969• Nucleus or not• Uni/multicellular• How they obtain food
Fungi
• Uni- or multicellular, plant-like
• Eukaryotic
• Feed on dead matter
• Mushrooms, mold and yeast
How are organisms named?
• From Latin and Greek– Planta from Latin for “plant”– Moneres from Greek for “single”– Genus is Latin for “type”
• Latin prefixes and suffixes to further describe the basic root words
What does archeaphyte mean? Arthropod? Rhodophyta?
Ciliderm? Eubacteria?
• Archea = ancient• Arthr = joint• Chlor = green• Cili = small hair• Con = cone• Derm = skin• Eu = true
• Myc = fungus• Oo = water• Platy = flat• Por = pore• Pod = foot• Phyt = plant• Rhod = red
Classified?
• Not in organic classification system
• Formerly classified by host
• New system by shape and structure– Capsid structure– Nucleic acid type– Method of reproduction