2/10/2014 1 Classification Why Classify? 1.5 – 2 million species of organisms alive today. 2-100 million more species yet to be discovered. Purpose of classifying? 1- Organize living things into groups that have biological meaning. 2- To given organisms a scientific name. Aristotle (384 BC) o Was the first to classify organisms • Plant (Herbs, Shrubs, Trees) • Animal (Animals with red blood – Land, Water, Air) o Think about the era that Aristotle lived • No transportation • No microscopes • No X-box • No cell phones Because there are so many different varieties of organisms in today's world, there has to be a way to organize them in to categories. o Taxonomy is the discipline that scientists use to put living organisms into universally accepted categories o Taxon is a named group of organisms, such as phylum, genus, or species Science of classifying living things. Classification system too: o Group organisms o Name organisms (universal name) When identifying an organism, familiar names — like human, fruit fly, or maple tree, cats, dogs — are most likely the names you use. However, each type of organism has a scientific name — humans are called Homo sapiens, for example.
7
Embed
Chapter 17 PowerPoint - Davis School District as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other ... characteristics Cell wall structures Domain Eukarya ... Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
2/10/2014
1
�
Classification
�Why Classify?
� 1.5 – 2 million species of organisms alive today.
� 2-100 million more species yet to be discovered.
� Purpose of classifying?
� 1- Organize living things into groups that have biological meaning.
� 2- To given organisms a scientific name.
� Aristotle (384 BC)
o Was the first to classify organisms
• Plant (Herbs, Shrubs, Trees)
• Animal (Animals with red blood – Land, Water, Air)
o Think about the era that Aristotle lived
• No transportation
• No microscopes
• No X-box
• No cell phones
�Because there are so many different varieties of organisms in today's world, there has to be a way to organize them in to categories.
o Taxonomy is the discipline that scientists use to put living organisms into universally accepted categories
o Taxon is a named group of organisms, such as phylum, genus, or species
�Science of classifying living things.
�Classification system too:
oGroup organisms
oName organisms (universal name)
�When identifying an organism, familiar
names — like human, fruit fly, or maple tree,
cats, dogs — are most likely the names you
use.
�However, each type of organism has a
scientific name — humans are called Homo
sapiens, for example.
2/10/2014
2
�Jelly fish
Sea jelliesSea stars
Mountain Lion
Cougar
Puma
Panther
Felis concolor Armadillium vulgare
Mother-in-laws tongue
Snake plant
Birds nest
Golden rod
Bowstring
Devils tongue
Sansevieria trifasciata
� Swedish botanist
(studied plants)
� Developed a binomial
nomenclature (2 name)
system to identify
specific organisms.
� He decided to use LatinLatinLatinLatin,
since that was the basic
scientific language.
2/10/2014
3
� In this system each species is
assigned a two part scientific
name:
o Felis catus
o Canis familiaris
o Carcharodon carcharias
� Always in Latin
o First word is the Genus (Always capitalized)
o Second word is the species (not capitalized)
o Scientific name = Genus species
� A scientist can determine the relationship between
organisms.
Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus
� Panthera leo Panthera tigris
Ailuropoda melanoleuca Ursus arctos
2/10/2014
4
� Kingdom: Animalia
� Phylum: Chordata
� Class: Mammalia
� Order: Carnivora
� Family: Ursidae
� Genus: Ursus
� Species: arctos
� Kingdom: Animalia
� Phylum: Chordata
� Class: Mammalia
� Order: Carnivora
� Family: Ursidae
� Genus: Ailuropoda
� Species: melanoleuca
� Linnaeus’s system of classification uses SEVEN
levels.
� They are from largest to smallest.
� General to specific characteristic’s.
� * You must know them
These 7 from
Kingdom to Species
�D
�K
�P
�C
�O
�F
�G
�S
� D Do
� K Kings
� P Play
� C Chess
� O On
� F Fat
� G Green
� S Stools
Keep
People
Coming
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti
Do
Animialia↓Chordata↓Mammalia↓Primate↓Hominidae↓Homo↓sapienGrizzly bear Black bear Giant
pandaRed fox Abert
squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
2/10/2014
5
� Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
� Also known as the phylogenic species concept defines a
species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other
clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and
descent.
� Characters
� To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of
descent by using characters.
� Characters can be morphological or biochemical.
� Cladistics reconstructs phylogenies based on shared
characters.
� Scientists consider two main types of characters when
doing cladistic analysis.
� An ancestral character is found within the entire line of
descent of a group of organisms.
� Derived characters are present members of one group of
the line but not in the common ancestor.
� Clade is a branch of the cladogram. These are to groups
used in the cladogram
� Bacteria
� Archaea
� Eukarya
� Eubacteria
� Archaebacteria
� Protista
� Fungi
� Plantae
� Animalia
Section 18-3
Concept Map
are characterized by
such as
and differing which place them in
which coincides withwhich coincides with
which place them in which is subdivided into
Living Things
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells
Important characteristics
Cell wall structures
Domain Eukarya
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Go to Section:
� Archaea are thought to be more ancient than bacteria and
yet more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors.
� Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements.
� They are called extremophiles because they can live in
extreme environments.
2/10/2014
6
� Protists are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular,
colonial, or multicellular.
� Protists are classified into three different groups—plantlike,
animal-like, and funguslike.
� A fungus is a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that
absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment.
� Members of Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic, lack motility,
and have cell walls.
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
MODE OF
NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Methanogens,
halophiles
Protista
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Fungi
Eukaryote
Cell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia
Eukaryote
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Eukarya
Classification of Living Things
� Is a tool that allows the
user to determine the
identity of items in the
natural world, such as
trees, wildflowers,
mammals, reptiles,
birds,rocks, and fish.
� A series of paired statements
that describe physical
characteristics of different
organisms.
� Offering two alternatives at
each juncture, and the choice
of one of those alternatives
determines the next step.
2/10/2014
7
o 1. Simple leaf (not divided into leaflets): 2
o 1. Compound leaf (leaf divided into leaflets): 5
• 2. Leaves evergreen: 3
• 2. Leaves not evergreen: 4
• 3. Mature plant a large tree — Southern live oak Quercus virginiana
• 3. Mature plant a small shrub — Quercus minima
• 4. Leaf narrow, about 4-6 times as long as broad — Willow oak Quercus phellos
• 4. Leaf broad, about 2-3 times as long as broad — Shingle oak Quercus
imbricaria
• 5. Lobes or teeth bristle-tipped: 6
• 5. Lobes or teeth rounded or blunt-pointed, no bristles: 7
• 6. Leaves mostly with 3 lobes — Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica
• 6. Leaves mostly with 7-9 lobes — Northern red oak Quercus rubra
• 7. Leaves with 5-9 deep lobes — White oak Quercus alba
• 7. Leaves with 21-27 shallow lobes — Swamp chestnut oak Quercus prinus
1a. Hind limbs absent, then Siren
Siren intermedia
1b. Hind limbs present, then go to 2
2a. External gill present in adults, then Mud puppy Necturus maculosus
2b. External gills absent, then go to 3
3a. Large size (over 7 cm), then go to 4
3b. Small size (under 7 cm), then go to 5
4a. Darker on top, lighter on bottom. SlimyPlethodon glutinosus
4b. Lighter on top, darker on bottom, then go to 8