Chapter 17. Middle Ages Educated Europeans took a more intense look at the world Many relied on ancient facts versus natural facts Stimulating Curiosity.

Revolution and Enlightenment

Chapter 17

Middle Ages Educated Europeans took a more intense look at the world

Many relied on ancient facts versus natural facts

Stimulating Curiosity Calculating weights of ships Invention of the microscope and telescope

Mathematics

The Scientific Revolution

Ptolemaic System (developed by Ptolemy)

Believed that universe was geocentric, which meant earth is the center of the universe.

The earth is a fixed planet and everything revolves around it

Christianity and beliefs of Aristotle were the center of this belief

Scientific Revolution

Copernicus System Believed that universe was heliocentric, which means the sun was the center of the universe

All planets revolve around the sun

KeplerReinforced Copernicus, by proving that the planets rotated in an elliptical motion around the sun

Scientific Revolution

Galileo (Mathematician)Used the telescope to discover mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots

The church was out to destroy these thoughts because it went against much of the biblical teachings.

Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton (Mathematician) Developed three laws of motion that governed the planets

Objects on earth◦States that all objects are attracted to every other object by force called Gravity

Scientific Revolution

Eighteenth Century (1700’s)This was a time of intellectual development.

It corresponds with the Scientific Revolution, in that, it gave us a method to an understanding of all life.

One the favorite words used during this time period was Reason.

The Enlightenment

Two philosophersNewton and Locke

NewtonThe physical world & everything in it was like a giant machine. Natural Law governed the human society.

Throughout this period, the thoughts of reasoning and the natural work together

Enlightenment

LockeEvery person was born with a blank mind.

People were molded by their experiences and the surrounding world.

People could discover the natural laws that all institutions should follow

Enlightenment

Montesquieu

Identified three basic kinds of government

1. Republic- suitable for small states2. Despotism- appropriate for large

states3. Monarchies- ideal for moderate- size

states

Montesquieu’s most important contribution was his system of checks and balances through separation of power

Enlightenment

Adam Smith (economist)Doctrine Laissez-faire

“to let people do what they want”

The state should not interfere in economic matters

Enlightenment

According to SmithThe Government should1. Protect society for invasion2. Defend citizens from injustice3. Keep up public works (roads,

canals)

Enlightenment

Primary reasons for the war: Competition for more colonization

between England and France

Prussia and Russia were trying to become the most powerful country in the area of what is now Germany

Seven Years War

The war was fought in two main areas of the world.

EuropeBritish & PrussiaVSAustria, Russia, & France

The war was fought primarily over land.

The war ended in 1763 and all territory was returned to the original owner

Seven Years War

North AmericaBetween France & England

Fought because: Water ways of the St Lawrence Unsettled Ohio River valleyBoth were major trade routes for both the French and English

Seven Years War

The French, who were very thin with colonist, had trouble getting people to stay in the new world.

The English had 13 very prosperous colonies that were located on the east coast.

Which meant that the English had a far larger population than the French.

Seven Years War

The French threatened to cut off the ever expanding British into this vast area.

This was huge Indian territory. The Indians viewed the French as less hostile than the English

Thus the Indians sided with the French.

This war is sometimes called The French and Indian War

Seven Years War

Spain and Portugal has established colonies in South America.

Spain expanded to Central America and parts of North America

Both would establish trade routes to the parent country.

Colonization

EconomicsSpain and Portugal’s had a source of wealth from the colonies and it was Gold and Silver

BUT

Long-lasting source was farming

Colonization

ReligionDuring the early conquest, the monarchs of both Spain and Portugal were determined to Christianize the natives

Catholic priestsCatholic ChurchesSchoolsHospitals

Colonization

English monarchs and Parliament controlled both the United Kingdom and American colonies

Very populated

Massive amounts of good and services were traveling back and forth

Colonization

After the 7 years war between France and England, England had won the war but had major financial problems

ProblemsWar costsMaintain army in the coloniesMaintain the England

Colonization

Parliament decided to impose a tax on all printed material.

The act was called the Stamp Act

The Stamp Act was recalled after much opposition.

The cause of taxation was the beginning

Revolutionary War

The war between the British and the Colonies started because of lack of representation and taxation

The First Continental Congress met in 1774 to organize a militia against the unjust taxation

The Second Continental Congress met in 1776 to declare independence

Revolutionary War

At this point, England opposed the independence and sent troops to the colonies to stop the opposition.

The British troops were very well trained versus the colonist.

The battle was a huge gamble

Revolutionary War

Eventually, the Colonist defeated the British and America was born in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris

After gaining independence, the 13 colonies established the Articles of Confederation.

The articles were re-written because they did not provide a strong central government

Revolutionary War