Chapter 17: Blood. William Harvey 1578-1657 Discovered the nature of blood and circulation with the heart.

Chapter 17:Blood

William Harvey 1578-1657Discovered the nature of

blood and circulation with the heart.

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.1: The major components of whole blood, p. 647.

Plasma(55% of whole blood)

Erythrocytes(45% of whole blood)

Buffy coat:leukocytes and platelets(<1% of whole blood) Formed

elementsCentrifugeWithdraw bloodand place in tube

21

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.2: Photomicrograph of a human blood smear stained with Wright’s stain, p. 649.

Erythrocytes

LymphocyteNeutrophils

Platelets Monocyte

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.9: Types and relative percentages of leukocytes in normal blood, p. 657.

Formedelements

Platelets

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

DifferentialWBC count(All total 4800– 10,800/ml)

Granulocytes• Neutrophils (50–70%)

Agranulocytes• Lymphocytes (25–45%)

• Eosinophils (2–4%)

• Basophils (0.5–1%)

• Monocytes (3–8%)

John Jacob Abel 1857 – 1938Endocrinologist who was extensively

involved with work on insulin and adrenalin. His most famous work

however was in designing blood dialysis.

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.4: Structure of hemoglobin, p. 651.

(a) (b)

N

N

CH2CH2COOH

CH2CH2COOH

CH3

H3C

H3C

CH3H2C=CH

H2C=CH

N

N

Fe

Polypeptidechain

2

1

1

2

Hemoglobin Iron-containing heme group

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.6: Erythropoietin mechanism for regulating erythropoiesis, p. 653.

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

IncreasesO2- carryingability of blood

Erythropoietinstimulates redbone marrow

Reduces O2 levelsin blood

Kidney (and liver to a smallerextent) releases erythropoietin

Enhancederythropoiesisincreases RBC count

Stimulus: Hypoxia due todecreased RBC count,decreased amount of hemoglobin, or decreased availability of O2

Start

Imbalance

Imbalance

Higher Elevation leads to lowered oxygen levels.

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.7: Life cycle of red blood cells, p. 654.

Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

Globin

Raw materials aremade available inblood for erythrocytesynthesis.

Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis

Food nutrients,including aminoacids, Fe, B12,and folic acidare absorbedfrom intestineand enter blood

Heme

Circulation

Iron storedas ferritin,hemosiderin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is picked up fromblood by liver, secreted intointestine in bile, metabolizedto stercobilin by bacteriaand excreted in feces

Erythropoietin levelsrise in blood.

Erythropoietin and necessaryraw materials in blood promoteerythropoiesis in red bone marrow.

New erythrocytesenter bloodstream;function about120 days.

Low O2 levels in blood stimulatekidneys to produce erythropoietin.

Aged and damaged redblood cells are engulfed bymacrophages of liver, spleen,and bone marrow; the hemoglobinis broken down.

1

2

3

45

6

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.5: Erythropoiesis: genesis of red blood cells, p. 652.

Stem cell

Hemocytoblast ProerythroblastEarlyerythroblast

Lateerythroblast Normoblast

Phase 1Ribosome synthesis

Phase 2Hemoglobin accumulation

Phase 3Ejection of nucleus

Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

Committed cell Developmental pathway

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.11: Leukocyte formation, p. 661.

Hemocytoblast

Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloblast MyeloblastMyeloblast Lymphoblast

Stem cells

Committedcells

Promyelocyte PromyelocytePromyelocyte Promonocyte Prolymphocyte

Eosinophilicmyelocyte

Neutrophilicmyelocyte

Basophilicmyelocyte

Eosinophilicband cells

Neutrophilicband cells

Basophilicband cells

Develop-mentalpathway

Eosinophils NeutrophilsBasophils

Granular leukocytesPlasma cells

Some become

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Macrophages (tissues)

Agranularleukocytes

Some become

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.12: Genesis of platelets, p. 662.

Stem cell Developmental pathway

Hemocytoblast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets

Karl Landsteiner – 1901 discovered the ABO blood groups

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 17.15: Blood typing of ABO blood types, p. 671.

SerumAnti-A

RBCs

Anti-B

Type AB (containsagglutinogensA and B)

Blood being tested

Type B (containsagglutinogen B)

Type A (containsagglutinogen A)

Type O (containsno agglutinogens)