Chapter 16 The Civil War Begins 1861-1862. I.Find Out A.How fighting began at Fort Sumter B.The strengths and weaknesses of each side C.Each side’s basic.

Chapter 16 The Civil War Begins 1861-1862

I.Find Out A.How fighting began at Fort Sumter B.The strengths and weaknesses of each side C.Each sides basic strategy D.The results of the first battle of Bull Run

Fort Sumter was located in the harbor of Charleston, SC. under the command of Major Robert Anderson. Lincoln decided to send supplies rather than give it to the Confederates.

II.First Shots at Fort Sumter A.Southern states began seizing federal forts inside borders once they seceded B.Lincoln had to decide what to do with those that remained under federal control C.Fort Sumter was located in the harbor of Charleston, SC D.Under command of Major Robert Anderson E.Running out of supplies

E.Lincoln risked war if he supplied Fort Sumter F.If he ordered the troops to leave, he was giving in to the rebels G.Lincoln decided to send supplies H.April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m. shore guns opened fire on the island fort i.Fired on the fort for 34 hours j.Major Anderson surrendered k.Civil War had begun

The Bombardment of Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter Under Attack

Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely when firing a salute during the evacuation.

F.Lincoln Calls Out the Militia 1.Asked for 75,000 militiamen for 90 days 2.Citizens of North responded with enthusiasm 3.Robert E. Lee resigned from Union to fight for the Confederacy Robert E. Lee of Virginia could not turn his back on his native Virginia once the war began.

G.Choosing Sides 1. Four original border states play key role in outcome of war 2.Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,& Missouri

H.Strengths of North 1. Union has 22 million in population 2. South has 9 million (3.5 M in slaves) 3. 85% of factories in North 4. North has double the railroad mileage 5. Almost all naval power and shipyards in North 6. Great leader in Abraham Lincoln

I.Southern Strengths 1. Able generals like Robert E. Lee 2. Fighting a defensive war 3. Defending their homeland

J.The Confederate Strategy 1. Take a defensive position 2. King Cotton a. Hoped to win foreign support through cotton trade b. Withheld cotton from market c. Wanted France and Britain to aid cause d. Surplus in 1861 ruined plan e. Began to take offensive and win big victories

K.The Union Strategy 1. Bring Southern states back into Union 2. Anaconda plan a. Smother Souths economy b. Blockade southern coastline c. Gain control of the Mississippi River

The goal of the Anaconda Plan was to cut the South in half by blockading Southern ports and capturing the Mississippi River. This plan was devised by General Winfield Scott.

I.First Battle of Bull Run 1. Confederate troops stationed at Manassas, Va., SW of Washington, D.C. 2. July 21, 1861, Union forces led by General Irvin McDowell clashed with Confederate troops led by Gen. Pierre Beauregard 3. Little creek was called Bull Run where battle was held 4. Stonewall Jacksons nickname 5. Rebel Yell 6. First major battle of war

Bull Run was a small creek that was located north of Manassas, Virginia, a railway center southwest of Washington, D.C. On July 21, 1861, Union and Confederate troops clashed in the first real battle of the Civil War. The battle turned into a convincing Confederate victory, and General Thomas Stonewall Jackson received his famous nickname for standing tall like a stonewall in the face of the battle.

Stonewall Jackson standing tall during the first Battle of Bull Run. After standing their ground in the face of battle during the Union charge, the Rebels soon Received 9,000 reinforcements which turned the tide of the battle their way. The disorganized Union retreat back to Washington meant defeat for the Union troops.

1. What advantages did the Union have? The Union had a larger population of 22 million compared to the Souths 9 million of which 3.5 million were slaves. The Union owned 85% of the nations factories The Union had twice the railroad mileage as the South The Union controlled almost all of the naval power The North had a strong leader in Abraham Lincoln 2. What advantages did the Confederacy have? The South had able generals like Robert E. Lee The South was fighting a defensive war which would stretch the Norths supply lines Soldiers in the South were defending their own homes A.Summarizing As you read about the outbreak of The Civil War, summarize the strengths and weaknesses of each side at the time the war was declared.

1. What was the Souths strategy? The Souths strategy was to take a defensive position and not try to conquer the North. They wanted to draw France and Britain into the war by withholding cotton from the European market. Later in the war, the South became offensive and tried for big victories to destroy Northern moral. 2. What was the Norths strategy? The Anaconda plan called for a blockade on the Souths coastline to keep goods and people from getting in or out of the South. The North then wanted to capture the Mississippi River and split the South in half. B. Summarizing As you read about the early days of the war, summarize the Confederate strategy and the Union strategy.

LeadersOutcome of the BattleImportant Facts 1. Fort Sumter Major Robert Anderson for the North Abraham Lincoln- North Gen. Pierre Beauregard-South The South bombarded the fort for over 34 hours. Eventually, Major Anderson surrendered the fort although no one was killed in the attack. First Battle of the Civil War No casualties during bombardment 2. First Battle of Bull Run North- Gen. Irvan McDowell South- Gen. Pierre Beauregard and Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson Huge Confederate victory as the Union army was overrun by Confederate lines Jackson got his nickname Shocked the North into realizing it could be a long war C. Categorizing Fill in the chart below with information about two early battles of the Civil War.

D. Summarizing On the back of this paper, briefly explain the Anaconda Plan and King Cotton. Anaconda Plan- The Anaconda Plan was the Norths strategy to try and squeeze the South by blockading the Souths ports and capturing the Mississippi River which would cut the South in half King Cotton- Southern cotton was important in the world market because the South grew most of the cotton for Europes textile mills.

II.Life in the Army A. Find Out 1.Who joined the armies 2.Describe military training and supplies of the era 3.Summarize the hardships of army life 4.Identify changes in military technology

The North expected a quick victory when they clashed with Confederates at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861. Afterwards, the North realized that the war was not going to be as quick as they thought.

B.Those Who Fought 1. Majority between 18-30 2. Farmers were largest group 3. Many immigrants served 4. African Americans 5. Native Americans 6. 2 million served in Union 7. Fewer than 1 million in Confederacy

C.Turning Civilians into Soldiers 1. Army camps looked like a sea of canvas tents 2. Grouped by company with 2-20 men in a tent 3. Men elected their company officers 4. Followed routine after roll call and breakfast a. Drills b. Guard duty, cut wood, dug trenches, cleaned up the camp

Civil War camps often looked like a sea of canvas tents. Life in the camps was often difficult and demanding.

Soldiers take time for a picture during a lull in the fighting.

Not all their time was spent fighting. This is a company of soldiers.

5. Uniforms a. Union-blue b. Confederates- gray or yellowish- brown c. Both sides faced shortages of uniforms that fit properly and often traded d. Confederate troops often marched over frozen ground with no shoes

6. Union clothing often poor quality 7. Confederates differed from state to state 8. Took clothes off the dead soldiers 9. Food consisted of beef or salt pork, flour, vegetables, and coffee but supply trains often couldnt reach battlefield and soldiers went hungry D. Hardships of Army Life 1. Camps were unsanitary and smelled 2. Soldiers were filthy-lice and fleas 3. Poor hygiene resulted in widespread sickness 4. Unclean instruments of doctors caused disease

E.Changes in Military Technology 1. Rifles with grooved barrels 2. Rifles with mini balls 3. Ironclad ships Both sides Wooden ships covered in iron

Lead mini balls changed battle field tactics because they could shoot more accurately than round balls. When they entered the body they flattened out which caused more serious damage to the body. More soldiers died from infections after being shot than by the wounds themselves.

USS Monitor (Union) and the Merrimack (Virginia) squared off in the first ironclad battle on March 9, 1862, off the coast of Virginia. The battle ended in a stalemate.

1. Who fought Most soldiers were between 18-30 but some were younger and some older. Farmers make up the largest group. Immigrants, such as Germans and Irish, served. At the beginning neither the North nor the South allowed African Americans to serve, but eventually they did serve for the North. About 2 million served for the North and 1 million for the South. Most were volunteers. 2. How they were trained A typical camp looked like a sea of canvass tents, which were grouped by company and held 2-20 men. A soldiers followed a set schedule. After breakfast and roll call, soldiers had drill sessions. In between drills and meals, soldiers performed guard duty, cut wood for camp fires, dug trenches for latrines, and cleaned up the camp. 3. What hardships they endured Soldiers were often wet, muddy, or cold from marching outdoors and living in crude shelters. Many camps were unsanitary and smelled of odors from the garbage and latrines. Soldiers were filthy, and their bodies and clothes became infested with lice and fleas. Sickness was widespread, such as chronic diarrhea or other intestinal disorders. 4. How new technology affected soldiers Rifles using mini balls could shoot from a greater distance and with more accuracy. Ironclad ships were a vast improvement over wooden ships. A. Taking Notes As you read about the lives of ordinary soldiers, make notes about daily life in the military during the Civil War.

B. Summarizing On the back of this paper, briefly identify each of the following. Monitor and Merrimack- In the first ironclad battle, the Confederate Virginia (originally named the Merrimack) battled the Union Monitor off the coast of Virginia in March of 1862. After hammering away for about four hours, The battle ended in a draw. rifle- a gun with a grooved barrel that allows the bullet to spin through the air, giving it greater accuracy and distance. mini ball- a bullet with a hollow base that expands upon firing to fit the grooves of the barrel. Rifles with Mini balls could shoot farther and more accurately than old-fashioned muskets.

III.No End in Sight A. Find Out 1. Analyze the Union victories in the South 2. Explain how the fall of New Orleans helped the Union 3. Analyze Lees victories in the East and his decision to invade the North 4. Describe the Battle of Antietam

B.Union Victories in the West 1.February of 1862 2.Ulysses S. Grant moves on Tennessee 3.Uses ironclad gunboats 4.Captures two Confederate river forts a. Fort Henry on the Tennessee River b. Fort Donelson on the Cumberland 5.Opened up river highway into the heart of the South 6. Grants army moved onto Nashville

By taking Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Grant opened the South for Union victories through river travel.

C.The Battle of Shiloh (Place of Peace) 1.Confederate commander Albert S. Johnston moved troops to Corinth, MS 2.Grant moved his troops to Pittsburg Landing in Tennessee 3.Johnstons army surprised Grants troops at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee 4.Fiercest fighting of war 5.Heavy casualties a. 13,000 Union b. 11,000 Confederate 6. Lincoln says he cant replace Grant 7.Considered a Union victory

D.The Fall of New Orleans 1.April 25, 1862, Union fleet led by David Farragut captured New Orleans 2.Largest city in the South 3.Rebel gunboats tried to ram Union warships, sinking one 4.Dodge burning rafts 5.Left only 150 miles of Mississippi in Confederate hands

After capturing New Orleans in 1862, only 150 miles of the Mississippi remained in Union hands.

E.Lee Claims Victories in the East 1. Spring 1862 Gen. McClellan (Union) decides to capture Richmond 2. Took troops in stretch of land between York and James Rivers, a few miles within Richmond 3. Jeb Stuart and Calvary surveys Union army 4. Robert E. Lee attacked McClellans army 5. Seven Days Battles Confederate victory 6. June 25 to July 1, 1862 7. Forced McClellan to retreat and saved Richmond

8. 2 nd Battle of Bull Run in August, 1862 9. Another Confederate victory F.Lee Invades the North 1. Crucial time with North at low point 2. Crossed Potomac and invaded Maryland in early September of 1862 3. Hoped victory in the North might get Lincoln to talk peace 4. Might convince France and Britain to aid South if they won a victory

G.Bloody Antietam 1. Union soldier finds battle plans 2. Gave McClellan a chance to stop Lee 3. McClellan moved slowly again 4. Armies clashed on September 17,1862 5. Sharpsburg, MD, at Antietam Creek 6. Bloodiest single day battle in American history 7. Neither side gained much ground 8. 25,000 casualties 9. Lee lost 1/3 of fighting force and withdrew to Virginia 10. McClellan didnt follow and was fired

7 Facts About Antietam Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. This was a two to one battle with Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia having approximately 45,00 troops to Union Army Maj. Gen. George B. McClellans 90,000 troops. General Lees battle plans were known in advance. Two Union soldiers (Corporal Barton W. Mitchell and First Sergeant John M. Bloss of the 27th Indiana Volunteer Infantry) discovered a mislaid copy of Lees detailed battle plans-Special Order 191- wrapped around three cigars. McClellan delayed acting on this knowledge 18 hours, thus losing the opportunity laid at his feet. McClellen was a poor leader during this battle, issuing isolated commands to each unit, causing chaos during the execution of said plans. The battle began at 5:30 AM (Dawn) on September 17, 1862, and lasted until 5:30 PM that day. The Union had 12,401 casualties with 2,108 dead. Confederate casualties were 10,318 with 1,546 dead. President Lincoln was disappointed in McClellans performance. He believed that McClellans cautious and poorly coordinated actions in the field had forced the battle to a draw rather than a crippling Confederate defeat. Lincoln relieved McClellan of his command of the Army of the Potomac on November 7 after repeated demands that he do his job effectively and bravely, effectively ending the generals military career.

Lincoln was so fed up with McClellan failing to go on the offensive that he fired him after the Battle of Antietam when McClellan didnt follow Lees army into Virginia.

1. What victories did the Union win? In the West General Grant used ironclad boats to capture Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. Soon after, Nashville was captured. The Confederates retreated to Corinth, MS, and surprised Union forces near the Shiloh Church. The Union won but both sides suffered heavy casualties. In the spring of 1862, Union forces captured New Orleans. Sept. 17, 1862-Battle of Antietam 2. What victories did the Confederacy win? In the spring of 1862, General McClellan made a move to capture Richmond. The Seven Days Battle ended with a Confederate victory between June 25-July 1 of 1862. The South won the Second Battle of Bull Run, ending the Union threat in Virginia. General Lee decided to invade Maryland in September of 1862. The two sides met at Antietam Creek without a clear victory but heavy casualties on both sides. A.Summarizing As you read about the ongoing Civil War, summarize the victories won by each side.

Head of Union Forces Head of Confederate Forces Outcome of the Battle Important Facts 1. ShilohGeneral Grant General William Tecumseh Sherman General Albert S. Johnston General Pierre Beauregard Union forces won after a surprise attack. Both sides suffered huge casualties. 13,000 Union casualties 11,000 Confederate casualties Union brought up fresh troops during night time thunderstorm 2. AntietamGeneral George McClellan General Robert E. Lee Neither side won a clear victory. It was the bloodiest single day battle in the history of the U.S 25,000 dead or wounded Lee lost 1/3 of his force McClellan failed to follow Lee

C. Finding Main Ideas On the back of this paper, briefly explain the Seven Days Battles and who Ulysses S. Grant was. Seven Days Battles- a week long battle fought between June 25 and July 1, 1862. The Confederate army suffered heavier losses but forced McClellan to retreat Ulysses S. Grant- a Union general who headed the army in the western theater of the war. Grant had failed at many things in civilian life but turned out to be a brilliant general who had one simple strategy: Find out where your enemy is, get at him as soon as you can, strike at him as hard as you can, and keep moving on.

Chapter 16 The Civil War Begins 1861-1862. I.Find Out A.How fighting began at Fort Sumter B.The strengths and weaknesses of each side C.Each side’s basic.

Documents

supplies slide

missouri slide

attack slide

homeland slide

abraham lincoln slide

major battle of war

mississippi river slide

fort sumter b