Chapter 16 Opener. Figure 25.7 Hierarchical classification.

Chapter 16 Opener

Figure 25.7 Hierarchical classification

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 316 (1)

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 316 (1)

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 316 (2)

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 316 (2)

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 316 (3)

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 316 (4)

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 316 (4)

In-Text Art, Ch. 16, p. 317

Figure 16.1 Clades Represent All the Descendants of a Common Ancestor

Figure 16.2 The Bones Are Homologous, the Wings Are Not

Figure 25.10 Convergent evolution and analogous structures

Figure 16.2 The Bones Are Homologous, the Wings Are Not

Table 16.1 Eight Vertebrates and the Presence or Absence of Some Shared Derived Traits

Figure 16.3 Inferring a Phylogenetic Tree

Figure 16.3 Inferring a Phylogenetic Tree

Figure 25.12 Cladistics and taxonomy

Apply the Concept, Ch. 16, p. 320

Figure 16.4 The Chordate Connection

Figure 16.4 The Chordate Connection

Figure 16.4 The Chordate Connection (Part 1)

Figure 16.4 The Chordate Connection (Part 2)

Figure 16.4 The Chordate Connection (Part 3)

Figure 16.4 The Chordate Connection (Part 4)

Figure 16.5 The Accuracy of Phylogenetic Analysis

Figure 16.5 The Accuracy of Phylogenetic Analysis

Figure 16.5 The Accuracy of Phylogenetic Analysis (Part 1)

Figure 16.5 The Accuracy of Phylogenetic Analysis (Part 2)

Figure 16.6 A Portion of the Leptosiphon Phylogeny

Figure 16.6 A Portion of the Leptosiphon Phylogeny

Figure 16.7 Phylogenetic Tree of Immunodeficiency Viruses

Figure 16.8 The Origin of a Sexually Selected Trait

Figure 16.8 The Origin of a Sexually Selected Trait

Figure 16.9 A Molecular Clock of the Protein Hemoglobin

Figure 16.9 A Molecular Clock of the Protein Hemoglobin

Figure 16.10 Dating the Origin of HIV-1 in Human Populations

Figure 16.10 Dating the Origin of HIV-1 in Human Populations

Figure 16.10 Dating the Origin of HIV-1 in Human Populations (Part 1)

Figure 16.10 Dating the Origin of HIV-1 in Human Populations (Part 2)

Figure 16.11 Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, and Paraphyletic Groups

Figure 16.11 Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, and Paraphyletic Groups

Figure 16.12 Same Common Name, Not the Same Species

Apply the Concept, Ch. 16, p. 330

Figure 16.13 Evolution of Fluorescent Proteins of Corals

Figure 16.13 Evolution of Fluorescent Proteins of Corals

Figure 25.5 Diversity of life and periods of mass extinction

Figure 25.8 The connection between classification and phylogeny

Unnumbered Figure (page 494) Cladograms

Figure 25.9 Monophyletic versus paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups

Figure 25.10 Convergent evolution and analogous structures

Figure 25.13 Aligning segments of DNA

Figure 25.11 Constructing a cladogram

Figure 25.12 Cladistics and taxonomy

Figure 25.14 Simplified versions of a four-species problem in phylogenetics

Figure 25.15a Parsimony and molecular systematics

Figure 25.15b Parsimony and molecular systematics (Layer 1)

Figure 25.15b Parsimony and molecular systematics (Layer 2)

Figure 25.15b Parsimony and molecular systematics (Layer 3)

Figure 25.16 Parsimony and the analogy-versus-homology pitfall

Figure 25.17 Dating the origin of HIV-1 M with a molecular clock

Figure 25.18 Modern systematics is shaking some phylogenetic trees

Figure 25.19 When did most major mammalian orders originate?

Figure 26.1 Some major episodes in the history of life

Figure 26.15 Whittaker’s five-kingdom system

Figure 27.12 Contrasting hypotheses for the taxonomic distribution of photosynthesis among prokaryotes

Figure 27.13 Some major groups of prokaryotes

Figure 28.6 Traditional hypothesis for how the three domains of life are related

Figure 28.7 An alternative hypothesis for how the three domains of life are related

Figure 28.8 A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes

Figure 29.1 Some highlights of plant evolution

Figure 30.4 Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades

Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development (Layer 1)

Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development (Layer 2)

Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development (Layer 3)

Figure 32.2 A choanoflagellate colony

Figure 32.3 One hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist

Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades

Figure 32.5 Body symmetry

Figure 32.6 Body plans of the bilateria

Figure 32.7 A comparison of early development in protostomes and deuterostomes

Figure 32.8 Animal phylogeny based on sequencing of SSU-rRNA

Figure 32.9 A trochophore larva

Figure 32.10 Ecdysis

Figure 32.11 A lophophorate

Figure 32.12 Comparing the molecular based and grade-based trees of animal phylogeny

Figure 32.14 One Cambrian explosion, or three?

Figure 34.1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 26.11 Abiotic replication of RNA

Figure 26.12 Laboratory versions of protobionts

Figure 26.13 Hypothesis for the beginnings of molecular cooperation