ISSUES TO ADDRESS... • Why does corrosion occur? 1 • What metals are most likely to corrode? • How do temperature and environment affect corrosion rate? • How do we suppress corrosion? CHAPTER 16: CORROSION AND DEGRADATION
Jan 19, 2016
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• Why does corrosion occur?
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• What metals are most likely to corrode?
• How do temperature and environment affect corrosion rate?
• How do we suppress corrosion?
CHAPTER 16:CORROSION AND DEGRADATION
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• Corrosion: --the destructive electrochemical attack of a material. --Al Capone's ship, Sapona, off the coast of Bimini.
• Cost: --4 to 5% of the Gross National Product (GNP)* --this amounts to just over $400 billion/yr**
THE COST OF CORROSION
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• Two reactions are necessary: -- oxidation reaction: -- reduction reaction:
Zn Zn2 2e
2H 2e H2(gas)
• Other reduction reactions:-- in an acid solution -- in a neutral or base solution
O2 4H 4e 2H2O O2 2H2O 4e 4(OH)
Zinc
oxidation reactionZn Zn2+
2e-Acid solution
reduction reaction
H+H+
H2(gas)
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
flow of e- in the metal
CORROSION OF ZINC IN ACID
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• Two outcomes:--Metal sample mass --Metal sample mass
Pla
tin
um
me
tal, M
Mn+ ions
ne- H2(gas)
25°C 1M Mn+ sol’n 1M H+ sol’n
2e-
e- e-
H+
H+
--Metal is the anode (-) --Metal is the cathode (+)
Vmetalo 0 (relative to Pt) Vmetal
o 0 (relative to Pt)
Standard Electrode Potential
STANDARD HYDROGEN (EMF) TEST
Mn+ ions
ne-
e- e-
25°C 1M Mn+ sol’n 1M H+ sol’n
Pla
tin
um
me
tal, M
H+ H+
2e-
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• EMF series • Metal with smaller V corrodes.• Ex: Cd-Ni cell
metalo
-
Ni
1.0 M
Ni2+ solution
1.0 M
Cd2+ solution
+
Cd 25°C
more
anodic
more
cath
odic Au
CuPbSnNiCoCdFeCrZnAlMgNaK
+1.420 V+0.340- 0.126- 0.136- 0.250- 0.277- 0.403- 0.440- 0.744- 0.763- 1.662- 2.262- 2.714- 2.924
metal Vmetalo
V = 0.153V
o
STANDARD EMF SERIES
CuZn
Zn2+
2e- oxidationreduction
Acid
H+ H+H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
-+AnodeCathode
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2H 2e H2(gas)
O2 4H 4e 2H2O
CORROSION IN A GRAPEFRUIT
- +
Ni
Y M
Ni2+ solution
X M
Cd2+ solution
Cd T
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• Ex: Cd-Ni cell with standard 1M solutions
• Ex: Cd-Ni cell with non-standard solutions
VNio VCd
o 0.153 VNi VCd VNi
o VCdo
RTnF
lnXY-
Ni
1.0 M
Ni2+ solution
1.0 M
Cd2+ solution
+
Cd 25°C
n = #e-
per unitoxid/redreaction(=2 here)F = Faraday'sconstant=96,500C/mol.
• Reduce VNi - VCd by --increasing X --decreasing Y
EFFECT OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
• Ranks the reactivity of metals/alloys in seawaterm
ore
anodic
(a
ctiv
e)
more
cath
odic
(i
nert
)
PlatinumGoldGraphiteTitaniumSilver316 Stainless SteelNickel (passive)CopperNickel (active)TinLead316 Stainless SteelIron/SteelAluminum AlloysCadmiumZincMagnesium
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GALVANIC SERIES
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Forms of
corrosion
• Uniform AttackOxidation & reductionoccur uniformly oversurface.
• Selective LeachingPreferred corrosion ofone element/constituent(e.g., Zn from brass (Cu-Zn)).
• IntergranularCorrosion alonggrain boundaries,often where specialphases exist.
• Stress corrosionStress & corrosionwork togetherat crack tips.
• GalvanicDissimilar metals arephysically joined. Themore anodic onecorrodes.(see Table17.2) Zn & Mgvery anodic.
• Erosion-corrosionBreak down of passivatinglayer by erosion (pipeelbows).
• PittingDownward propagationof small pits & holes.
• Crevice Between twopieces of the same metal.
Rivet holes
attacked zones
g.b. prec.
FORMS OF CORROSION
• Stress & Saltwater... --causes cracks!
• Heat treatment: slows crack speed in salt water!
4m--material: 7150-T651 Al "alloy" (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
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“held at 160C for 1hr before testing”
increasing loadcrack
sp
eed
(m
/s)
“as-is”
10-10
10-8
Alloy 7178 tested in saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 23C
DETERIORATIVE
Uniform Corrosion: Rust!
Prevention:• Paint• Plate• Sacrificial anode
Galvanic Corrosion
Causes:
Dissimilar metalsElectrolyteCurrent Path
Described by Galvanic Series
Solutions:
Choose metals close in galvanic series
Have large anode/cathode ratios
Insulate dissimilar metals
Use “Cathodic protection”
Pitting and Creviced Corrosion
Prevention:
Weld – don’t rivet
Use non-absorbing gaskets
Polish surfaces
Add drains – avoid stagnant water
Adjust composition; e.g., add Mo to SS
Causes: concentration gradients in electrolyte cause some areas high in ion concentrations that accelerate oxidation
Intergranular Corrosion
Occurs in specific alloys – precipitation of corrosive specimens along grain boundaries and in particular environments
e.g. : Chromium carbide forming in SS, leaving adjacent areas depleted in Cr
Solutions: High temp heat treat to redissolve carbides Lower carbon content (in SS) to minimize carbide
formation
Alloy with a material that has stronger carbide formation (e.g., Ti or Nb)
Erosion Corrosion
Causes: abrasive fluids impinging on surfaces
Commonly found in piping, propellers, turbine blades, valves and pumps
Solutions:
•Change design to minimize or eliminate fluid turbulence and impingement effects.
•Use other materials that resist erosion
•Remove particulates from fluids
Selective Leaching
• Occurs in alloys in which one element is preferentially removed – e.g., in Brass, Zinc is electrically active and is removed, leaving behind porous Copper
• Occurs in other metals, such as Al, Fe, Co, Cr
Solutions:
• Use protective coating to protect surfaces
• Use alternative materials
Stress Corrosion
Aka: stress corrosion cracking
Cracks grow along grain boundaries as a result of residual or applied stress or trapped gas or solid corrosion products
e.g., brasses are sensitive to ammonia
Stress levels may be very low
Solutions: Reduce stress levels
Heat treatment
Atmosphere control
Hydrogen Embrittlement
• Metals loose strength when Hydrogen is absorbed through surface, especially along grain boundaries and dislocations
• Often occurs as a result of decorative plating
• High strength steels particularly susceptible
• Can be removed by “baking” the alloy
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• Self-protecting metals! --Metal ions combine with O to form a thin, adhering oxide layer that slows corrosion.
Metal (e.g., Al, stainless steel)
Metal oxide
• Reduce T (slows kinetics of oxidation and reduction)• Add inhibitors --Slow oxidation/reduction reactions by removing reactants (e.g., remove O2 gas by reacting it w/an inhibitor). --Slow oxidation reaction by attaching species to the surface (e.g., paint it!).• Cathodic (or sacrificial) protection --Attach a more anodic material to the one to be protected.
Adapted from Fig. 17.14, Callister 6e.
CONTROLLING CORROSION
steel
zinczincZn2+
2e- 2e-
e.g., zinc-coated nail
steel pipe
Mg anode
Cu wiree-
Earth
Mg2+
e.g., Mg Anode
Corrosion prevention
Sacrificial Anode Applied Voltage
Surface coatings & Passivation
Some materials, such as Aluminum or Stainless Steel, form oxide barrier coatings that prevent oxidation at active surface – this is called “passivation”
Surface can be coated with protective layers: painted, anodized, plated (Caution!!! Cracks in plating or paint can lead to crevice corrosion!)
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• Corrosion occurs due to: --the natural tendency of metals to give up electrons. --electrons are given up by an oxidation reaction. --these electrons then are part of a reduction reaction.• Metals with a more negative Standard Electrode Potential are more likely to corrode relative to other metals.• The Galvanic Series ranks the reactivity of metals in seawater.• Increasing T speeds up oxidation/reduction reactions.• Corrosion may be controlled by: -- using metals which form a protective oxide layer -- reducing T
-- adding inhibitors-- painting--using cathodic protection.
SUMMARY