Chapter 16

Chapter 16

Population, the Environment & Social Change

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PopulationThe U.S. Population

U.S. 311,321,158 (May 9, 2011).• Since 1946, the population has doubled

The world population:

6,917,380,079 (May 9, 2011).– The world’s population will double in 40 years.

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Population Curve

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Social Issues

• Traffic jams• unemployment• water and food shortages• environmental pollution• Global warming• War and violence• High epidemic proportion

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The Demographic Processes• Three variables used to determine population size :

deaths, births, and immigration. Total Fertility Rate (TFR):

The # of the children per woman in her lifetime

Life Expectancy: The average number of years a member of the

group can expect to liveImmigration: movement into society.Emigration: movement out of society.

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Life Expectancy: Top 15 and Bottom 15

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Male Life Expectancy

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Female Life Expectancy

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GNI & Life ExpectancyHigh GNI = High Life Expectancy• Medicine• Medical system/health care system• Education• Food supply, nutrition• Sanitation system• technology, communication (news, warning)• technology, architecture (earthquake, tunami, harricane)• less war (conflict)• Employment rate • Financial/ physical stress• The system of the government• Criminal Justice System

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Infant Mortality Rate• Infant mortality: the number of deaths per year of

infants less than one year old for every 1000 live births.

the leading causes of infant deaths• Infectious diseases• Dehydration• Malnourishment• lack of sanitation.

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Total Fertility Rate: Top 15 and Bottom 15

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Total Fertility Rate (TRF)

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GDP per capita & TFR

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Film, “World in the Balance”

India, Japan, Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya)

• Reasons for high/low TFR• Age(population)-pyramid• Social consequences and expected social

Issues

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TFR GNP per capita• India 3.11 ( 77th out of 195) $620 (159th)

• Japan 1.29 (184th) $37,050 (9th)• Kenya 5 (28th) $480 (171th)

• The U.S. 2.04 127th

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Demographic Transition Theory

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Age-Sex Pyramid

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GNI & TFRLow GNI per capita = High TFR

• Availability of birth control/ contraception• Family planning facilities• Sex education• values (gender preference for children & the family size)• women’s status within the family • Women’s marriage age• Young women’s education & economic status • Cost for raising children• Child laborer

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