Chapter 16

POPULATION AND POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHYDEMOGRAPHY

After studying this chapter, you should After studying this chapter, you should be able to:be able to:

Define the three major components of population change.

Summarize Malthus’ theory of overpopulation.

Summarize the demographic transition model and explain why there might be a second demographic transition.

Describe the history of urbanization including a contrast of preindustrial and industrial cities..

DEMOGRAPHYDEMOGRAPHY

The study of the size, rate of growth, and age

composition of human populations, as well as the causes and consequences of changes in these factors.

Demography is influenced by three major factors: fertility, mortality, and migration..

FERTILITYFERTILITY

FERTILITY DEF: Fertility refers to the actual number of births in

a given population.

CRUDE BIRTHRATE The number of annual live births per 1,000 people in

a given population.

FECUNDITY The physiological ability to have children. .

MORTALITYMORTALITY DEF: The frequency of deaths in a

population.

CRUDE DEATH RATE - the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population.

INFANT MORTALITY RATE - Measures the number of children who die within the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

LIFE EXPECTANCY – LIFE EXPECTANCY – DEF: DEF: The average The average number of years a person born in a number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live.particular year can expect to live.HighestHighest YearsYears LowestLowest YearsYears

Japan 82.0 Swaziland 31.9

Singapore 82 Angola 38.2

Hong Kong 81.8 Zambia 38.6

Australia 81.6 Lesotho 40.4

Canada 81.2 Zimbabwe 41

Sweden 81 Mozambique 41.1

France 81 Sierra Leone 41.2

Iceland 80.7 Liberia 42

Sweden 80.9 Djibouti 43.4

World average

66.6

MIGRATIONMIGRATION

DEF: DEF: The movement of populations from one The movement of populations from one geographical area to another. geographical area to another.

EMIGRATIONEMIGRATION - - When a population When a population leavesleaves an area an area

IMMIGRATION - IMMIGRATION - When a population When a population entersenters an area. an area.

INTERNAL MIGRATION INTERNAL MIGRATION The movement within a nation’s boundary The movement within a nation’s boundary

lines—in contrast with immigration, in which lines—in contrast with immigration, in which boundary lines are crossed.boundary lines are crossed.

RURAL TO URBANRURAL TO URBAN This trend has slowed in industrialized This trend has slowed in industrialized

countriescountries

AREAS OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYAREAS OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY Currently to Montana and South DakotaCurrently to Montana and South Dakota

THEORIES OF POPULATIONTHEORIES OF POPULATION

MALTHUS POPULATION THEORYMALTHUS POPULATION THEORY

Populations will always grow faster than the available food supply

LIMITS TO POPULATION GROWTH

Preventive checks Include celibacy, the delay of marriage, and such

practices as contraception within marriage, extramarital sexual relations, and prostitution

MALTHUS POPULATION THEORYMALTHUS POPULATION THEORY

LIMITS TO POPULATION GROWTH: - Positive checks

Events that limit reproduction either by causing the deaths of individuals before they reach reproductive age or by causing the deaths of large numbers of people, thereby lowering the overall population.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORYTHEORY

According to the demographic transition theory, societies pass through four stages of population change

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORYTHEORY

STAGE 1 – High fertility and high mortality.

STAGE 2 - Mortality decreases, fertility stays high and population increases rapidly

STAGE 3 - Birth rates begin to fall due to social, economic and religious changes

STAGE 4 - Low fertility and low mortality.

DEPENDENCY RATIODEPENDENCY RATIO

The number of people of nonworking age in a society for every 100 people of working age.

When birthrates decline below 2.1 per female (the replacement rate), the population can drop and fewer young people end up needing to take care of the old (the ration goes up)

SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONTRANSITION

Some countries have moved beyond Stage 4 and are experiencing declining populations due to fertility levels well below replacement levels (2.1)

The reason for this transition centers around a strong desire for individual advancement and improvement which either causes a delay in child bearing or a decision to forego children.

CITIES/URBANIZATIONCITIES/URBANIZATION

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

Two requirements had to be met for the first cities to emerge (9000 years ago). The first was that there had to be a surplus of

food and other necessities. The second requirement was that there had to

be some form of social organization that went beyond the family.

Did this already exist in the form of tribes? Did ruling classes develop due to excess

production or was the new organization the cause of better production?

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

Preindustrial cities - Cities established prior to the Industrial Revolution

- Often were walled for protection - Densely packed with residents - Showed social stratification - Survived by controlling surrounding

agricultural production. It required a favorable physical environment to allow for adequate excess production of food.

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

Industrial Cities - Were established during or after the Industrial Revolution and are characterized by large populations that work primarily in industrial and service-related jobs.

- Industrialization a number of affects on the city dwellers:

1. Food, clothing and shelter could be provided at a lower cost – raising life expectancy

2. A new class of social elites was created as well as a middle class of managers

RURAL VS URBAN LIFERURAL VS URBAN LIFE

Along with urbanization come certain changes from rural villages:

- ANONYMITY - possible separation from family and lack of social status and support

- CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY – exposure to many different sub-cultures

SUBURBS- As transportation allowed, those with money moved away from the crowding, noise and perceived danger of the inner city.