Chapter 15: The First Global Age: Europe, the Americas and Africa Section 1: Conquest in the Americas First Encounters The Taino were the first people.

Chapter 15: The First Global Age: Europe, the Chapter 15: The First Global Age: Europe, the Americas and AfricaAmericas and Africa

Section 1: Conquest in the AmericasSection 1: Conquest in the Americas

First EncountersFirst Encounters

The Taino were the first people that Columbus The Taino were the first people that Columbus came into contact withcame into contact with

They were friendly towards the SpanishThey were friendly towards the Spanish

This changed when Spanish Conquistadors This changed when Spanish Conquistadors followed Columbusfollowed Columbus

Europeans also carried disease that the locals Europeans also carried disease that the locals had no immunity tohad no immunity to

Disease wiped out village after village killing as Disease wiped out village after village killing as many as 90 %many as 90 %

• The Conquistadors• Hernan Cortes was one of the first

Conquistadors• Cortes had much success due to his Indian

advisor• He was eventually able to conquer the Aztec

capital Tenochtitlan (teh nawch tee TLAHN)• On this site he founded Mexico City• Francisco Pizarro soon followed after Cortes• His invasion led to South America being

pulled into the Spanish Empire

• Reasons for Victory• -superior military power• -division among the Indians• -disease brought by the Spanish• Vocab pg 472, 3-6 pg 476• Section 2: Spanish and Portuguese Colonies

in the Americas• In the 1500’s, Spain had a vast empire in the

Americas• This territory was divided into 5 provinces• To keep control of these colonies, The

Council of the Indies was established

• Each colony was ruled by a Viceroy • Spain was very concerned that Christianity

was spread in the new colonies• Thousands of Native Americans were

baptized by Catholic Priests• European culture was forced on the Natives

as well• The economies of the colonies was heavily

regulated by Spain• All trade was through Spain, and no other

European country• Silver, gold and sugar cane were the most

profitable items obtained from the colonies

• Colonial Society and Culture• Strict Social structure included:• -peninsulares (native born Spaniards) • -creoles (American born descendants of Spainish

settlers)• -mestizos (Mix of Native American and European)• -mulattoes (Mix of African and European) • Spanish settlers lived in cities and towns• By 1550 Mexico City was the largest Spanish

speaking city in the world• Education was very important, and the University of

Mexico was established by 1551• Despite Spain dominating the colonies, cultural

diffusion occurred• Vocab pg 477, 3-6 pg 481

• Section 3: Struggle for North America• In the 1600’s other nations challenged Spain in

the New World• By 1700 England and France held large parts of

North America• Building a New France• In 1608 the First permanent French settlement

in Canada was founded• The French were helped by Native American

allies, and acquired vast territory• The major economic source of New France was

fur trapping and trading• This was very lucrative but dangerous

• The King of France began to tax the colonies to generate revenue

• New France was small in comparison to the English controlled 13 colonies

• The 13 English Colonies• Jamestown was the first permanent English

Settlement• The main export was tobacco• In addition to financial freedom, some came

for religious freedom• The Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact

which was the first “government” of the New World

• The English had 13 colonies by the 1700’s

• The English Monarch also controlled the colonies

• The English Colonies did exercise some self government with their own elected assemblies

• Competing for Power

• France, Spain, England and the Netherlands all competed for power in the New World

• Britain and France had the largest rivalry which resulted in War

• In 1763 the Treaty of Paris ensured British dominance in North America

• Vocab pg 482, 3-6 pg 486

• Section 4: Turbulent Centuries in Africa• European Outposts in Africa• Portuguese sailors built small ports along

the West African Coast• They lacked the power to make these

profitable centers however• As other European countries followed, the

slave trade became popular• The Atlantic Slave Trade• Europeans began to view slaves as the most

valuable trade item• The Atlantic Slave Trade began in the 1500’s

to meet the needs of the Americas

• Every year tens of thousands of slaves came to the Americas

• The slave trade became known as the triangular trade:

• -merchant ships brought goods to Africa in exchange for slaves

• -slaves were transported to West Indies in exchange for goods (Middle Passage)

• -these goods were then shipped to Europe or America

• The Middle Passage was brutal as many slaves died of disease or mistreatment

• A total of about 13 million slaves were transported on the Atlantic

• The slave trade had a two part effect on Africa:

• -decline of African states as population declined

• -New African states who depended on slave trade

• These new African states waged war on each other to control the slave trade

• Pg 398 reading focus 1-3• Pg 402 1-7

• Section 5: Changes in Europe• A Global Exchange• On his second voyage Columbus brought

several things to the New World:• -settlers• -European animals• -European plants• This began the Global exchange also known

as the Columbian Exchange• On his return to Europe, Columbus brought:• -tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers• -corn and potatoes• This helped feed Europe's rapidly growing

population

• Food coming into the Americas included:

• -wheat, grapes

• -bananas, sugar

• -cattle, pigs, goats and chickens

• By the 1700’s, the global exchange contributed to population growth around the world

• The Colombian Exchange also created a mass migration of European people to the Americas and elsewhere

• A Commercial Revolution

• European trade with America, Asia and Africa had two effects:

• -price revolution and modern capitalism

• The price revolution created a rise in prices and more money in circulation-inflation

• Capitalism, investment of money to make a profit, also expanded in Europe

• Capitalistic investors were willing to take chances when demand was high

• This combination caused a new business class to emerge in Europe

• Several new business methods made European capitalists very wealthy:

• -accounting

• -banking system

• -joint stock companies

• Vocab pg 491, 3-6 pg 495

• Mercantilism• European monarchs developed this system to

maximize profits• The goal was to export more than you import• Overseas colonies were crucial to mercantilism• To utilize the colonies, strict trade laws were

passed• Government also took steps to maximize profits

at home:• -built better roads• -issued single national currency• -established standard weights and measures• They also imposed tariffs on imported goods

• The Lives of Ordinary People

• Investment merchants acquired much wealth

• Nobles were hurt during this period

• Working class and peasants struggled to keep up with rising prices

• There was a rise in Lawyers as the need for contracts increased

• European families were patriarchal and women had few property and legal rights

• The 1500’s and 1600’s saw Europe begin to dominate the Globe

• Pg 500 1-20