THE COUNTER- REFORMATION Chapter 15 Section 4
Jan 01, 2016
Key Terms
Counter-Reformation Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent Charles Borromeo Francis of Sales Teresa of Avila
Reforming the Catholic Church
Protestants not the only ones dissatisfied
Catholics also upset
Counter-Reformation- series of reform in the Catholic Church
Early Reformers
Girolamo Savonarola- monk preached fiery sermons against the church in the 1400’s
Called on church to melt down its gold and silver to buy bread for the poor
Early Reformers
Convinced people to burn jewelry and trinkets
“The bonfire of the vanities”
First allowed by the pope
Pope Alexander excommunicated Savonarola
1498 executed in Florence
Jesuits
Jesuits- society of Jesus, religious order to reform the church
Ignatius of Loyola founded Jesuits in 1534 Nobleman, soldier While recovering
from an injury read books on saints
Became a soldier of God
Jesuits
Father general- ran it like a military institution Emphasized obedience
to the church Concentrated on
education to combat the Protestants
Established missions, school, and universities
Effective organization, gained ground on Protestants
Council of Trent
Paul Pope III in 1545 called the council
Need to redefine the doctrines of the church
Examined criticisms by the Protestants and Catholics
Clarified Catholic teachings on certain points
Council of Trent
Reforms addressed the corruption of the clergy
Training of priests Financial abuses Indulgences were
abolished Rejected Protestant’s
emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith
Council of Trent
Church could help believers achieve salvation
Using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith
Consistent with the belief of millions
Majority of Europeans remain Catholic
Council of Trent
No compromise between Catholics and Protestants
Bold action boost to Catholicism in Poland
Other parts of Europe return to the Church
Catholics felt renewed energy
Council of Trent
By 1700 Jesuits operated 699 colleges in Italy, Germany, and other places
Future leaders educated in Jesuit schools
Order had an influence over public affairs
Worked in India, China, and Japan
Reforming Catholics
Charles Borromeo Archbishop of Milan Decisive steps to
implement reform Build new schools to
educate priests Francis of Sales
Founded a religious order for women
Returned Calvinists to the church through missionary work
Women and the Church
Women took on more roles
Before Renaissance they lived in secluded convents
1543-Italian nun Angela Merici began Saint Ursula Company for teaching girls
Women and the Church
Jane of Chantal formed an order to teach girls to become teachers
Schools throughout Europe
Work denounced by anti-Jesuits and the Church as dangerous
Women and the Church
Teresa of Avila Age 20 ran away to a
convent Thought rules were too
lax Followed her own strict
rules fasting, sleeping, and prayer
Reformed the Carmelite order
Had visions of Christ Her faith inspired many
to stay in the Church
The Inquisition
Roman Inquisition in 1542 to fight Reformation
Popes increased the Inquisition’s powers
Accused Protestants of witchcraft and breaking the law
Spanish monarchs set up a tougher one in 1478
The Inquisition
Used it to convert Jews, Muslims and later Protestants
Index of Forbidden Books- to stamp put rebellion People not to read
books on the list Lose their souls Torture and
execution damaged the Church’s image
Changes in Religion
Renewed zeal spread Catholic faith to other continents
North America- and elsewhere softened the harsh colonial rule
Protestants broke away from the Catholic Church and formed many factions
Changes in Religion
Discord and rifts between Protestants
Luther and followers denounced Anabaptists and Zwingli’s followers
John Calvin disapproved of some of Luther’s ideas
Luther’s these opened the door to religious freedom
Persecution and Hysteria
Luther and Catholics viewed Jews as heretics
Spain forced conversion or they had to leave
Jews resettled in eastern and southern Europe
Some areas they were forced to live in certain areas
Called a ghetto
Persecution and Hysteria
Ghettos were walled and their gates closed at night
People feared witches roamed the land Fears increased during
hard times Witches were rounded up
and tried 1580-1660 thousands
tried and executed as witches
Mostly women and the poor
Political Effects
Rising sense of nationalism
Protestant Reformation encouraged formation of independent states and nations
Rulers and merchants wanted less church involvement
Political power separated from churches
Italian Wars
Italy bounced between two powers
Sack of Rome by Spaniards and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527
Italian wars ended in 1559
Expanded the Italian Renaissance
Italian Wars
Artist from Italy fled north bringing new techniques
Troops returned carrying new ideas
Conflicts among Germans
Unhappy with high taxes, lack of power, new ideas
Peasants unhappy Reformation
preachers were backing idea of freedom
1524 tens of thousands German peasants stormed monasteries
Conflict among Germans
Martin Luther accused of the unrest denounced it
Luther’s refusal to back peasants prevented the Reformation from spilling into a social revolution
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V wanted to turn back Protestantism
Conflict among Germans
1546 war against Luther’s German princes
Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555 Had religious
compromise Allowed each prince
to pick their religion Subjects had no say
in the choices