Chapter 15 Part 2 Wars of Religion. France By late 15 th Century: By late 15 th Century: Galician Church…

Chapter 15Part 2

Wars of Religion

France By late 15th Century: Galician Church Royal Council End to serfdom

Cash rents replaced Feudal obligations= Decrease in buying power of the Nobility

France New land was cultivated Divided among sons = many very

small landholdings

Nobility of the Robe had real power Baillis: had fiscal authority Senechals: had judicial authority

Francis I 1515-1545 All of France under the jurisdiction

of Royal Court Laws Made French the official language =

centralizing effect

Taille: New tax on land Supported monarchy and army BUT small tax base …nobles not

taxed …Sword OR Robe

Francis I needed more $ For Hapsburg-Valois Wars and to

patronize the arts

So…Francis I Increased Taxes Increased Borrowing Sold Public Offices (hereditary)… one

trick pony More Nobility of the Robe not paying

taxes Concordat of Bologna = revenue for the

state

Church abuses continued Promotions based on service to the

state…not to parishioners

No incentive for clergy to meet intellectual or moral standards

Enter Luther, Calvin

Calvin’s Institutes Published in French Printing Press = wide influence

Converts: all classes: reform-minded clergy, middle class, artisans and peasants

But Nobility disproportionately

Nobles divided between monarchists (royalists) and antimonarchists

Increase in # of Protestants despite:

Government bans University condemnations Burnings (alive) Cutting out of tongues for preaching

Calvinism

By 1559 40 + well-organized Calvinist Churches 1/10 of population in France was

Huguenot Most in urban areas

Belief that a country could not survive if divided by religion: so other religions considered enemies of the state

Religious differences motivated ordinary people to participate in war

16th and 17th Century Wars were Different

Much Bigger armies More expensive Gunpowder and Canon Even Peasants could kill gentlemen War was no longer ennobling Propaganda from the pulpit and the

printing press

Religious wars in France Cathollics will continue to try to

reconvert Protestants will continue to try to

destroy the Catholic Church

Henry II (1545-1559) Married Catherine de Medici Was a decent king BUT no consistent

religious policy Used marriages to heal conflict

Henry II Daughter Elizabeth to marry Philip II

to satisfy the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (ended the Hapsburg-Valois War)

Daughter Margaret to marry Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) Hoping to end religious strife in France

Henry’s Death June 30, 1559 Henry was

celebrating the wedding by proxy of his daughter, Elizabeth to Philip II

Arranged a 3-Day Tournament.

Henry had been warned by court astronomer-physician (Nostradamus) not to engage in jousts or in single combat

The Quatrain The Lion shall overcome the old On the field of war in a single

combat He will pierce his eyes in a cage of

gold This is the first of two lappings, then

he dies a cruel death

Henry insisted He engaged in a joust with Comte de

Montgomery (Captain of the Scottish Guard)

Henry II was mortally wounded Montgomery was a bit younger than

Henry II Both had Lions on their shields Montgomery’s wooden lance pierced

the king’s headgear (a gold helmet)

The Death of Henry II The lance fragmented One piece pierced Henry’s eye and

penetrated his temple

Then Henry appeared about to fall but did not

He dismounted, lost consciousness and regained it and ascended the steps to his chamber

Henry II lingered for 10 days

Catherine had 4 convicts wounded in a like manner

Had Montgomery killed Nostradamus feared for his life

Henry’s first son Francis II died in 1560

Henry’s second son Charles IX died in 1574 (TB)

Henry’s third son, Henry III…debauchery!

Catherine de Medici ruled through her sons

The night before Margaret’s wedding to Henry of Navarre

The marriage was to heal religious conflict

Many Huguenots were in attendance

Then Henry of Guise (leading Catholic) had the leading Huguenot (Admiral de Coligny) attacked!

All Hell broke loose! Catherine de Medici ordered the

Huguenots killed in the

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

August 24- October 3: 12.000 Huguenots were massacred

Led to The War of the Three Henrys

15 year war

Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) Henry of Guise (leading Catholic) Henry III (king) but respected by no

one

Catherine died Henry III summoned Henry of Guise

to court and had him killed

Then Henry III was killed

Henry of Navarre was left “He knew how to fight, how to make

love, and how to drink.”

Married Margaret and Converted

“Paris is worth a mass.” Was a politique

1598 issued The Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots freedom of worship and the right to have fortified cities

Restored peace

Henry IV Began Bourbon Dynasty and tried to

keep peace Worked closely with his minister Sully Will build roads, canals, bridges, tree-

lined highways to encourage merchants to come to France

Added the Grand Gallery to the Louvre to promote the arts

Many artists of all classes lived and worked in the Louvre’s lower floor

Continued until Napoleon ended it

The Long 16th Century Population way up Middle class conformity Bourgeoisie

Henry IV was killed in his carriage by a deranged monk

Said, “ God willing every working man in my kingdom will have a chicken in every pot every Sunday at the very least.”

Walloons Protestants (Calvinists) in Southern

Belgium Spoke a dialect of French Radically different than Flemish Into mining and heavy industry Migrated to Calais Then Calais fell to French French brought the Inquisition Walloons fled to Netherlands,

England, Ireland