Chapter 15

CHAPTER 15

THE CIVIL WAR

This Currier and Ives lithograph shows the opening moment of the Civil War. On April 12, 1861, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered the shelling of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. Two days later, Union Major Robert Anderson surrendered, and mobilization began for what turned out to be the most devastating war in American history. SOURCE:The Granger Collection,New York (0011697/4GCR303).

WAR Fort Sumter

Quell uprising

RESOURCES

North: large population, economics South: home court, survival mode

CHALLENGES South: disorganized, money North: not unified

Both: soldiers

NEW TECHNOLOGY Bullets and rifles: farther, more

accurate Tactics

WAR IN THE EAST General W. Scott

Anaconda Plan

Sea, land blockades

BULL RUN N. Virginia, 1861 Spectators Implications:

Slow warUnprofessional

WAR IN THE WEST Divide and conquer

Battle at Shiloh23k dead both sides

MILITARY LIFE Camps unsanitary, dirty Hospitals no help No medical care

COTTON DIPLOMACY European support

Cotton

Europe: new markets

U.S. threatens Europe

CONFEDERACY Ethnically diverse

Soldiers Immigrants: Cuba, Spain, Greece, Ireland

Tejanos: split loyalties

NATIVES AND THE CONFEDERACY Cherokee Promise: arms and protection

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Lincoln: Jan. 1, 1863 Freeing of the slaves

Confederate territories

Blacks soldiers Implications:

Freeing slavesBlack soldiersForeign sympathy

BLACK SOLDIERS “Glory” 10% of soldiers Combat Discrimination Fort Pillow – massacre of Black soldiers Fort Wagner

Decorated soldiers and units

THE OTHER WAR

Latinos2500K, ConfederatesLoreta Velasquez

Soldier, wounded Spy

Boson and Nancy JohnsonSlavesSupporting cause

TURNING POINTS

In 1863, south goes offensive Gettysburg

Sherman marches south

FIGURE 16.1 The Casualties Mount up This Chart of the ten costliest battles at the Civil War shows of the relentless toll of casualties (killed, wounded, missing, captured) on both Union and Confederate Soldiers.

This striking photograph by Thomas C. Roche shows a dead Confederate soldier, killed at Petersburg on April 3, 1865, only six days before the surrender at Appomattox. The new medium of photography conveyed the horror of the war with a gruesome reality to the American public. SOURCE:Library of Congress.

COST OF WAR 600K deaths Infection, disease Prison camps: Andersonville

33,000 POW’s13,000 graves

Bosque Redondo Pecos River Valley, TXUnion terror against Navajo