Chapter 14 The Latin West 1200-1500. I. Rural Growth and Crisis A.Peasants and Population 1.Rural Life Most Western Europeans were serfs Obliged to work.

Chapter 14

The Latin West1200-1500

I. Rural Growth and Crisis

A. Peasants and Population1. Rural Life• Most Western Europeans were serfs• Obliged to work land of large estates• Long hours• Half of labor went to the lord of the land• Serfs not motivated to improve farming

practices

I. Rural Growth and Crisis

2. Housing• Serfs lived in small one room cottages- Thatched roofs- Little furniture- No luxuries• Stark contrast to the manor house of the lord

I. Rural Growth and Crisis

3. Gender• Men and women worked fields• Equality in labor did not lead to equality in

decision making• Women were subordinate to men

I. Rural Growth and Crisis

4. Population Growth• Europe’s population doubled between 1100 and 1345• Traditionally half of land remained fallow, or unplanted• Three-field system- Grew crops on 2/3 of land- Planted the third field in oats- Oats restored nitrogen, and fertility, to the land- Increased output of Europe’s farms• Horses began to replace oxen as plow animals- Faster, but more expensive

Read: Trade and Towns

Answer Questions on a separate sheet of paper

Warm Up:

How did the growth of population between 1100-1350 impact Europe?

How did you purchase goods in Medieval Europe?

II. Urban Revival

A. Trading Cities1. Trade Centers• Constantinople- Connected Europe to the Silk Road• Venice- Brought goods from Middle East to Italy• Flanders- Traded manufactured goods (textiles)

II. Urban Revival

2. Mines and Mills• Mechanical devices began to aid production• Mills powered by water or wind were used to: - Grind grain into flour- Saw logs into lumber- Crush olives- Tan leather- Make paper

Water and Wind Mills

II. Urban Revival

3. Iron Making• New technology led to the

expansion of iron making• Stamping mills broke up

iron• trip hammers pounded it• Bellows (1323) raised

temperature of the forge• Blast furnaces developed

in 1380

II. Urban Revival

4. Iron Mining• Mining expanded to increase demand for iron• Techniques for deep mining developed• Led to development of new cities and towns

II. Urban Revival

5. Effects of technology• Dams and canals for mills• Quarry pits• Pollution• Increased deforestation

II. Urban Revival

B. Gothic Cathedrals 1. Competition• Growing cities tried to outdo one another• Gothic Cathedrals• First build in France in about 1140

II. Urban Revival

2. Characteristics • pointed Gothic (vaulted) arch- Replaced traditional Roman rounded arch• External (flying) buttresses- Stabilized high walls- Allowed builders to build taller cathedrals• Stained glass

Gothic (vaulted) arch

External (flying) buttresses

Stained Glass

Cathedrals

Notre Dame – Paris, France Koln Cathedral - Cologne, Germany

How was trade carried out in the Middle Ages?

Read: Commercial Revolution

Answer Questions

Count off by 3

Everyone who was a #2 put your head down.

Imagine, if all the people who have there heads down, are dead

The plague killed 1/3 of the population of Europe

What would you do if you knew that there was a 1 in 3 chance you were going to get sick and die in the next few months?

III. The Black Death and Social Change

A. The Plague 1. Arrival• The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) arrived in Europe in

1346• Spread from Asia• Struck Mongol armies attacking city of Kaffa on the

Black Sea• Genoese traders took the disease back to Italy• During the next to years the disease spread along

trade routes of Europe

III. The Black Death and Social Change

2. Symptoms• Boils the size of eggs in groin and armpits• Black blotches on skin• Foul body odor• Severe pain

III. The Black Death and Social Change

3. Reaction • People had no way to stop the disease.• Some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures.• Some plunged into wild pleasure, believing they would die

soon anyways• Some say plague as God’s punishment- whipped themselves to show that they had repented their

sins• blamed Jews for poisoning wells- thousands of Jews were slaughtered

III. The Black Death and Social Change

4. Economic Effects• Workers and employers died• Production declined• Survivors demanded higher wages• Laws passed to limit wages• Peasants and artisans saw laws as plots by the

rich, started revolts - unsuccessful

III. The Black Death and Social Change

5. Social Effects • Serfdom disappears in Western Europe- Serfs bought their freedom or ran away• Landowners grew less labor intensive crops- Increased use of draft animals, laborsaving tools• Plague did not effect animals, more meat was available

for survivors- Welfare of the peasants increased• People fled manors to the towns• Guilds tried to limited new members

Warm Up:

What were the effects of the Black Plague on Europe?

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

A. Universities and Learning1. Effects of Arab Conquests• Arab Conquest of Byzantine lands led to many

Greek and Arabic manuscripts to travel west• Translated into Latin- Philosophical works by Plato and Aristotle- Ancient Greek writings on medicine,

mathematics, geography- Muslim writings on science and philosophy

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

2. Development of Universities• From 1300-1500, number of universities in Europe grew

from 20 to 60.• Teachers formed guilds to train professors, set professional

standards• Universities set curriculum for study (apprenticeship)• Instituted final examinations for degrees- Students who passed exams received a teaching “license”- Students who completed longer training and successfully

defended there scholarly work became “masters” or “doctors”

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

3. Curriculum • Universities generally specialized in a particular branch

of learning; • Bologna was famous for its law faculty, • others for medicine or theology. • Theology was the most prominent discipline of the

period• theologians sought to synthesize the rational

philosophy of the Greeks with the Christian faith • intellectual movement known as scholasticism.

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

B. Humanists and Printers1. Dante and Chaucer• Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Geoffrey Chaucer

(1340–1400) were among the great writers of the later Middle Ages.

• Dante’s Divine Comedy tells the story of the journey through the nine layers of Hell and his entry into Paradise,

• Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is a rich portrayal of the lives of everyday people in late medieval England.

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

2. Humanism• An interest in classical Greek and Roman

learning• Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and ethics• Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) father of

Humanism• Renaissance- rebirth of ancient Greek and

Roman knowledge

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

3. Influence of Humanism• Curriculum became core of University

education• Ancient Greek and Rome became model - Not the Bible• New translations of the Bible

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

4. Printing • Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable

type printing press (1450’s).• Use of individual metal letters rather than

carved wood blocks.• Made printing faster, cheaper• More reading material available to the public

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

5. Effects of Printing • New ideas spread faster • Books can reach wider audiences• Bible translated into vernacular• Lessoned the dependence on the clergy- people could consult, interpret the Bible for

themselves.• Broke churches monopoly on religious information

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

C. Renaissance Artist 1. Subject Matter• Shift in subject of art, away from strictly

religious art, and portraits of nobles• Many artist began to portray Greek and

Roman subjects• scenes of daily life

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change

2. Style• Naturalism• Individualism• Realism