Chapter 14. Free- Soil Movement Did not demand end of slavery Keep land in west a land of opportunity for whites only so that the would not have.

Chapter 14

Free- Soil Movement Did not demand end of slavery Keep land in west a land of opportunity for whites only so that the would not

have to compete with labor of slaves or free blacks “free soil, free labor, and free men” Advocated free homesteads

Public land grants to small farmers Advocated internal improvements

Southern Position Any restriction a violation of rights Saw abolitionists and free-soilers intent as the destruction of slavery Moderates wanted extension of Missouri Compromise

Popular Sovereignty Lewis Cass, Michigan “Squatter” sovereignty

Election of 1848 Cass – Democrat nominee Zachary Taylor- Whig Nominee Martin Van Buren- Free-Soil

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Ralph Waldo Emerson’s prediction: “American victory in Mexico would be like swallowing arsenic”

Balance of free/slave states End of Mexican War 15 states each New territory Gold rush of 1849 and influx of 100,000 into California created need for

law and order in west Zachary Taylor

Elected President, 1848 Strategy:

Prompted California to bypass the territorial stage, draw up constitution, and apply as free state

Wanted New Mexico to do the same Thought it was practical solution

Response Angered Southerners in both parties Nine states agreed to send delegates to a convention in Nashville, June

1850

Henry Clay Proposed:

Admission of California as a free state Division of the remainder of the Mexican cession into two territories,

New Mexico and Utah with restrictions on slavery Settlement of Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute on terms

favorable to New Mexico Texas, an agreement that the federal government would assume the

considerable public debt of Texas Continuance of slavery in District of Columbia but the abolition of the

slave trade More effective fugitive slave law

“Omnibus” Bill Debates: Clay, Webster, Calhoun

Fillmore steps in July 9, 1850 Appointed Daniel Webster secretary of state Stephen Douglas takes over for Clay

Chopped into parts Included popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah Passed by Summer 1850

Assessing the Compromise Each section gained and lost

North California Free State New Mexico and Utah future free states Texas- New Mexico border settlement Abolition of slave trade in D.C.

South Fugitive slave law

Law: Denied alleged fugitives the right of

trial by jury Not allowed to testify on their behalf Permitted return to slavery on

testimony of claimant Paid $10 if ruled for the slaveholder,

only $5 for the slave Federal marshals allowed to “hunt”

fugitives in North Outrage:

Abolitionists Anthony Burns incident

“The Funeral of Liberty” Vigilance communities “Personal-liberty” laws Underground Railroad

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852 Daughter of Lyman Beecher Reaction to Fugitive Slave Act

Story Targeted slavery How slavery tears apart family

Reaction Sold 300,000 copies in 1852 Enthralled working-class

Consequences Impact cannot be measured Northern attitude toward slavery in

North “never quite the same”

Impending Crisis of the South 1857, Hinton R. Helper Attacked slavery by using statistics to

prove its negative impact on southern economy

Southern Reaction Counterarguments

Slavery “good” Wage slaves of the North

Effects In North, slavery became a moral issue Growing number of southerners

convinced North’s goal was to destroy institution of slavery and way of life

Problems: Fugitive Slave Act fragmented

Whig party Nominees:

Whigs: General Winfield Scott Mexican War Hero Virginia, but supported by “free-

soil” Whigs Focused on improving roads and

harbors Democrats: Franklin Pierce

dark-horse candidate No one really opposed him Compromise of 1850 and

Popular Sovereignty Supported Fugitive Slave Law

Results: Pierce sweeps to victory

Kansas- Nebraska Act Shattered second party system Originally a bill by Stephen Douglas to organize Nebraska

territory Wanted to promote settlement in Mid-West, railroad Needed to make concessions for southerners to vote for his bill Apply popular sovereignty Superseded Missouri Compromise, voided it

Set off protest Passed the Senate, but barely the House of Rep.

Surge of Free Soil United Northerners who agreed on nothing else Believed slavery impeded white progress

Labor loses its dignity Kansas-Nebraska Act last straw

Bleeding Kansas Majority of population anti-slavery farmers Slaveholders from neighboring state of Missouri set up

homesteads as means of winning control of the territory for the South

Response: New England Emigrant Aid Company Northern Abolitionists and Free-Soilers Paid for transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas

Fighting broke out Proslavery Missourians

“border ruffians” Created pro-slavery legislation in Lecompton, Kansas

Anti-slavery Missourians Refused to recognize Lecompton legislation Created new one in Topeka

Response Attack of Free-soil town Lawrence, Kansas Caning of Senator Sumner

Know-Nothing Party Nativists hostile to immigrants “I know nothing” Drew support away from Whigs Opposed Catholics Won few local and state elections Lost influence when sectional influence became center

Republican Party Founded 1854, Wisconsin as reaction to Kansas-Nebraska Act Coalition of Free-Soilers and anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats Platform

Repeal of Kansas-Nebraska Act and Fugitive State Law Prohibit slavery in new teritories

Abolitionists eventually joined Grew rapidly in North, became 2nd largest party Success only alienated and threatened South

Nominees Republicans

John C. Fremont, senator from California No expansion of slavery, free homesteads, probusiness protective

tariff Made strong showing South not needed to win election Foreshadowed emergence of powerful political party that would win

all but four elections between 1860- 1932

Know-Northings Millard Fillmore Won 20% of popular vote

Democrats James Buchanan Won majority of both popular and electoral vote

Lecompton Constitution Buchanan’s challenge whether to accept Asked Congress to accept it, admit Kansas as a slave state Rejected, mainly by Republicans led by Stephen Douglas

Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857 Dred Scott

Slave, taken to free territory and returned to Missiouri Sued for freedom

Decision Chief Justice Roger Taney

No right to sue in Federal court, Africans not U.S. Citizens Congress had no power to deprive a person of property without due

process of law Missouri Compromise Unconstitutional

Campaign for senator of Illinois Douglas

Seeking re-election Popular “Little Giant” Angered South by not supporting Dred Scott decision enough “Freeport Doctrine”

Slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass and enforce laws (slave codes) for maintaining it

Lincoln Successful trial lawyer Former member of Illinois legislature Publically unknown Morality of slavery, though not yet an abolitionist “House-divided” speech

Results Douglas wins campaign Lost ground in party by alienating Democrats Lincoln emerged a national figure and contender for Republican party

Sectional divisions South alarmed at Republicans

success Antislavery platform Economic program

Favored Northern industrialists at expense of the South

Higher tariffs, hurt South’s dependence on cotton

John Brown’s Raid Harper’s Ferry 1859 Attacked Federal Arsenal

Wanted to inspire a slave revolt Federal troops called in

Robert E. Lee Tried for Treason, convicted, and

hanged in Virginia Consequences

Condemned in the North by moderates

Southern whites had final proof of North’s true intentions

Later became humanitarian martyr

Election of 1860 Breakup of Democratic Party

Democratic convention last hope for compromise

Held in Charleston, SC Stephen Douglas leading candidate,

blocked by Buchanan Deadlock led to walkout Remaining delegates nominated

Douglas Platform: popular sovereignty and

enforcement of FSL

Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge

Platform: unrestricted extension of slavery and annexation of Cuba

Nominations Republicans: Lincoln

Platform: appealed to economic self-interest of North and West and exclusion of slavery from territories

Constitutional-Union Party Former Know-Nothings and Whigs John Bell, Tennessee

Enforce laws and preserve Union

Results Lincoln Wins

Lincoln’s Election December 1860, a special

convention needed for disunion in SC

Within 6 weeks, six states followed FL, GA, AL, Miss, LA, TX

February 1861 Representatives of seven

states of Deep South Created Confederate States

of America Created Constitution

Placed limits on governments power to impose tariffs and restrict slavery

Elected President Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens Vice President

Crittenden Compromise Buchanan lame-duck

president for 5 months Did nothing to prevent

secession Congress had last-ditch

effort Proposed by John Crittenden Guaranteed slavery south of

36’30 Lincoln would not accept, it

violated the Republican position