1 Chordates include lancelets tunicates andvertebrates Chordates have a notochord anerve cord pharyngeal pouches and apostanal tail
2 All vertebrates have an endoskeleton that includes a backbone and a skull that protects the brain
3 An endotherm is an animal that has anearly constant internal body temperatureAn ectotherm has a body temperature thatchanges with the temperature of its environment
1 Fish are vertebrates that have a streamlinedbody fins gills for gas exchange and ahighly developed sensory system
2 Fish are divided into three groupsmdashjawlessfish jawed cartilaginous fish and bony fish
3 Bony fish with scales and a swim bladder havethe greatest number of known fish species
2 Amphibians have adaptations that allowthem to live on land and in the water Theadaptations include moist skin mucousglands and lungs Most amphibians aredependent on water to reproduce
3 Most amphibians go through a metamor-phosis from egg to larva to adult Duringmetamorphosis legs develop lungs replacegills and the tail is lost
1 Reptiles are land animals with thick dryscaly skin They lay amniotic eggs withleathery shells
2 Turtles with tough shells meat-eating croc-odilians and snakes and lizards make upthe reptile groups
Fill in the blanks with the correct vocabularyword or words
1 All chordates have a notochord pharyngealpouches postanal tail and a(n)
2 The inactivity of amphibians during hotdry weather is
3 All animals with a constant internal tem-perature are
4 Reptiles are with scaly skin
5 Jawless fish have skeletons made of a toughflexible tissue called
6 Reptiles lay
7 The structure that becomes the backbone invertebrates is the
Choose the word or phrase that best answers thequestion
8 Which animals have fins scales and gillsA) amphibians C) reptilesB) crocodiles D) fish
9 Which is an example of a cartilaginous fishA) hagfish C) perchB) tuna D) goldfish
10 What fish group has the greatest numberof speciesA) bony C) jawed cartilaginousB) jawless D) amphibians
11 Which of these fish have gills and lungsA) shark C) lungfishB) ray D) perch
12 Biological indicators include which groupof ectothermic vertebratesA) amphibiansB) cartilaginous fishC) bony fishD) reptiles
Use the photo below to answer question 13
13 Which kinds of reptiles are included withthe animal aboveA) snakes C) turtlesB) crocodiles D) alligators
14 What term best describes eggs of reptilesA) amniotic C) jellylikeB) brown D) hard-shelled
15 Vertebrates that have lungs and moist skinbelong to which groupA) amphibians C) reptilesB) fish D) lizards
16 How can crocodiles be distinguished fromalligatorsA) care of the youngB) scales on the backC) shape of the headD) habitats in which they live
422 CHAPTER REVIEW
amniotic egg p 413cartilage p 395chordate p 394ectotherm p 397endoskeleton p 395endotherm p 397estivation p 407fin p 399
hibernation p 407nerve cord p 395notochord p 394pharyngeal pouch p 395postanal tail p 394scale p 399vertebrae p 395
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17 Infer Populations of frogs and toads aredecreasing in some areas What effectscould this decrease have on other animalpopulations
18 Explain why some amphibians are consid-ered to be biological indicators
19 Compare and contrast the ways tunicates andlancelets are similar to humans
20 Describe the physical features common toall vertebrates
21 Compare and contrast endotherms andectotherms
22 Explain how the development of the amni-otic egg led to the success of early reptiles
23 Communicate In your Science Journalsequence the order in which these struc-tures appeared in evolutionary historythen explain what type of organism hadthis adaptation and the advantage it pro-vided skin has mucous glands skin hasscales dry scaly skin
24 Compare and Contrast Copy and completethis chart that compares the features ofsome vertebrate groups
25 Explain how a fish uses its swim bladder
26 Identify and Manipulate Variables and ControlsDesign an experiment to find out theeffect of water temperature on frog eggdevelopment
27 Classify To what animal group does an ani-mal with a two-chambered heart belong
28 Identify why it is necessary for a frog to livein a moist environment
29 Conduct a Survey Many people are wary ofreptiles Write questions about reptiles tofind out how people feel about these ani-mals Give the survey to your classmatesthen graph the results and share themwith your class
30 Display Cut out pictures of fish from maga-zines and mount them on poster boardLetter the names of each fish on 3-in 5-incards Have your classmates try to matchthe names of the fish with their picturesTo make this activity more challenginguse only the scientific names of each fish
CHAPTER REVIEW 423
Use the table below to answer questions 31 and 32
31 Fish Species Make a circle graph of the speciesof fish in the table above
32 Fish Percentages What percent of fish species isbony fish Jawed cartilaginous Jawless
Vertebrate Groups
Feature Fish Amphibians Reptiles
Heart
Respiratoryorgan(s)
Reproductionrequires water
Fish Species
Kinds of Fish Number of Species
Jawless 45
Jawed cartilaginous 500
Bony 20000
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Do not write in this book
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Record your answers on the answer sheetprovided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper
1 What are fins attached toA ectoskeleton C endoskeletonB notochord D spine
2 How many chambers does a fish heart con-tain and does it carry more or less oxygenthan other types of heartsA two less C three lessB four less D four more
Use the photo below to answer question 3
3 What type of fish is shown in this pictureA bonyB jawed cartilaginous C large-mouth bassD jawless
4 How do amphibians exchange carbon diox-ide and oxygenA lungs only C gills onlyB lungs and skin D lungs and gills
5 How do frogs and toads hearA eardrumB tympanic membraneC skinD tongue
6 Fish and amphibians do not have this typeof egg so they must reproduce near waterA external C porousB membranous D amniotic
Use the photos below to answer questions 7 and 8
7 What is the developmental process shownin this diagramA metamorphosisB respirationC ectothermD asexual reproduction
8 Where does this transition take placeA land to air C water to landB air to land D land to water
9 What is one way to distinguish a crocodilefrom an alligatorA the shape of the snoutB number of eggs in nestC size of teethD placement of nostrils
10 What are turtles missing that all other reptiles haveA hairB three-chambered heartC teethD shelled eggs
424 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Marking on Tests Be sure to ask if it is okay to mark in the test booklet when taking the test but make sure you mark allof the answers on your answer sheet
Question 6 Cross out answers you know are wrong or circle ans-wers you know are correct This will help you narrow your choices
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STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 425
Record your answers on the answer sheetprovided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper
Use the illustration below to answer question 11
11 Describe the body system of the fishshown in this diagram Why is it impor-tant to the fish
12 What organs do fish have for the exchangeof carbon dioxide and oxygen How doesthe exchange take place
13 How does a fishrsquos swim bladder regulateits depth in water
14 What is the difference between hiberna-tion and estivation
15 As an amphibian goes through metamor-phosis how do their heart and lungschange
16 What is one possible reason for thedecline in the number of reptiles inswamps and coastal areas
17 What is the relationship between thenumber of young produced and theamount of care given by the parents infish amphibians and reptiles
18 How do snakes hear
19 Are reptiles endothermic or ectothermicCan reptiles modify their body temperature
20 During chordate development what struc-tures originate from the nerve chord
Record your answers on a sheet of paper
21 Describe the composition and function offish scales
22 How did amphibians evolve and why werethey the dominant land animals for aperiod of time
23 Compare and contrast the circulatory sys-tems of fish amphibians and reptilesWhich system provides the most oxy-genated blood to the organs
Use the illustration below to answer question 24
24 Explain the composition and significanceof the structure in this diagram
25 Discuss the structure of a turtlersquos shell andwhat other body parts are attached to it
26 What are two classifications of how organ-isms regulate body temperature Howdoes regulation of body temperature helpto determine the climate in which anorganism is found
27 What are pharyngeal pouches and whatanimal group has them at some point dur-ing development How has their functionchanged over time
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