Chapter 14 Examination Review. The capacity to do work is referred to as.

Chapter 14 Examination Review

The capacity to do work is

referred to as

Energy

A substance in the physical environment that

has value to human beings is

A resource

Prior to the Industrial Revolution,

humans relied mostly on what

kind of power?

Animate

Plant material, vegetation, oragricultural waste used as afuel or energy source. Beforethe Industrial Revolution, themost important source of fuelwas

Biomass

Finite resources, unevenly

Distributed around the world,

and are from plants and

Animals buried millions of

years ago describe

Fossil Fuels

The most common energy

source for home heat and hot

water is

Natural Gas

Most nonrenewable energysources are

Formed very slowly

The amount of energy in fields

not yet identified but thought to

exist is a

Potential Reserve

Unconventional sources of oil like shales and tsar sandstone are

accessible only by

Damaging the Environment

Saudi Arabia has relatively large proven reserves of

petroleum

Which two countries have relatively large proven reserves of

coal?

China United States

Which two countries are prime examples of countries that consume more energy than they produces? (Hint: One naturally and one for economic reasons)

JapanUnited States

In protest of the U.S.’s support for Israel in its 1973 war against Egypt, Jordon, and Syria, during the winter of 1973 – 1974, OPEC members

refused to sell petroleum to the United States

With increasing demand in LDCs, world petroleum consumption is expected to increase during the next two decades by about __________ %.

50 %

List four nonmetallic

minerals used for fertilizer:

CalciumPotassium

SulfurPhosphorus

Greater dependence on coal is likely to

occur by expanding use of

Electricity

North Americans are less dependent

than Europeans on nuclear energy

primarily because of more abundant

Coal Reserves

Elaborate safety measures must be

taken to store nuclear waste primarily

because the waste is

Radioactive

Most of the nuclear waste in the U.S. is

stored in approximately __________ facilities across the country.

1 2 1

The breeder reactor was invented to address the problem that nuclear power depends on scarce _________.

Uranium

A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone, and is re-radiated in all direction is called

Greenhouse Effect

Why is solar energy primarily more

expensive than other forms of energy for most consumers?

Installation Costs

A discharge constitutes

pollution if the level is greater than the

Environmental

Capacity

A concentration of a trace

substance at a level greater than

occurs in the average air constitutes

Air Pollution

The combination of sulfur oxide

with oxygen and water produces

Acid Deposition

A condition in which sunlight causes

nitrogen oxides to react in the atmosphere

produces

Photochemical smog

The possible increase in the Earth’s temperature

caused by carbon dioxide trapping radiation is the

The Greenhouse Effect

•The source of air pollution most responsible for damaging trees in Ontario, Canada, and Germany’s Black Forest is

Acid Deposition

The most significant source of air pollution

caused by automobiles is

Photochemical smog

A gas threatening Earth’s ozone layer is

Chlorofluorocarbon

CFCs

Steel and chemical industries are major water polluters primarily because they generate large amounts of

Wastewater

Polluted water threatens the survival of aquatic plants and animals in by enriching the water with excessive

Levels of nutrients

PCB oils, cyanides, strong solvents, and heavy metals are considered

Hazardous Waste

Contrary to air and water pollution, solid waste pollution is reduced through concentrating rather than

Dispersing Waste

The greatest benefit of incinerating solid waste is the production of

Electricity

One strategy for the reduction of solid waste pollution is separation of different

Types of trash

A strategy for reducing waste through recycling includes using the waste in

production

A strategy for reducing the amount of waste generated includes changing the mix of inputs increasing the product to

waste ratio

An alternative to reducing discharges into the environment is using the environment

more efficiently

Reduction of biodiversity through species extinction is especially important in

Tropical Rain Forests

The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth is called

biodiversity

A level of organization within the living world that includes

both the total array of biological organisms present

in a defined area and the chemical-physical factors

that influence the plants and animals in it is called an

Ecosystem

The sustainable use and

management of natural resources

Conservation

Maintenance of resources in their present condition

refers to

Preservation

• Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and the future needs defines

United Nations definition of

Sustainable Development

The World Wildlife Federation claims the world surpassed its sustainable level around ___________.

1980

Critics and defenders of sustainable

development both agree that more

international cooperation is

needed to reduce the

gap between LDCs

and MDCs

Estimates of earth’s total number of species

range from ___________________.

3 million to 100 million

Name three nations that have no land under conservation:

IraqSome former Soviet

Republics

The study of constraints placed

by resources on the level of

development is

carrying capacity analysis

To avoid depleting resources, future generations will need to increase their use of

sustainable development

Since 1990, ______ consumption has increased slightly more rapidly than the 2% annual growth rate for petroleum.

Natural gas