Chapter 14, continued Theory Regarding Development • Modernization Theory – rooted in work of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Walter Rostow • Dependency Theory • World-Systems Theories – Immanuel Wallerstein; core- periphery models: Gunnar Myrdal & John Friedmann
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Chapter 14, continued Theory Regarding Development Modernization Theory – rooted in work of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Walter Rostow Dependency Theory.
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Chapter 14, continuedTheory Regarding Development
• Modernization Theory – rooted in work of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Walter Rostow
• Dependency Theory
• World-Systems Theories – Immanuel Wallerstein; core-periphery models: Gunnar Myrdal & John Friedmann
Every countrycan be positionedat one ofthese stages.
Rostow viewedcapitalismto be the proper type of productionsystem forthis developmentsequence.
Critics of modernizationtheory
Dependency Theory• Argues that the poor / periphery countries
remain this way due to colonialism, in which terms of trade were unequal, labor remained unskilled and low-paid, and profit was extracted from colonies
• Development of core countries is dependent on the underdevelopment of periphery countries
• Imports tend to be high-value goods from the core
• Policy to escape this “trap” has emphasized self-reliance, exclusion of TNC’s, promotion of import substitution, debt default
• Criticism of dependency theory – sweeping treatment of all peripheral territory
World Systems Theory: dynamic capitalist relations, hegemonic power
Better diagram than Fig. 14.33in current edition of textbook
Core-Periphery: Shifting ScalesGlobal: Nation State Level: Developed-Developing
Urban Perspective: Global Cities (New York, London, Tokyo) - peripheral cities - e.g. Seattle
National: The Industrial NE Vs. the agriculture &
resource dependent South and West
Regional: Seattle & Portland as central-place core cities, rural peripheries
Local: Seattle CBD Vs. lower order urban centers
The classic core-periphery model: Myrdal & Friedmann
Center Periphery
ScarceLabor
AbundantCapital
AbundantLabor
ScarceCapital
Supply of materials and products
Demands from center for goods/servicesyields payments to periphery
Shortage of labor in center createsstimulus for labor migration from periphery
Supply of labor from periphery will create laborshortage in periphery and raise wages and incomes
AdequateCapital
AdequateLabor
Capital flows to periphery
Core-periphery Model: Spread Effects
Demands by Center for goods & services; labor movements; capital flows to meet investment needs: ? “Trickle-Down” leading to equilibrium?
BUT:
(1) Distance attenuating effects - related to transportation & communications
(2) Hierarchical impacts with stronger access to resources in higher order places
• Are based on the concept that developed countries can take actions that will help countries in the periphery
• Expansion of trade with less developed countries
• Private capital flows
• Foreign aid from advanced nations (Figure 14.34)
Industrialization in the Developing World
EastAsia?
Industrialization in the Developing World
• Very uneven – text notes 40 countries account for 70% of mfg. exports from developing countries. So, most countries have not shared deeply in this industrialization process
• Fastest growth in countries shifting from an import substitution to an export-led strategy
• Import substitution as a way of getting internal development – but markets are often too small & control often rests with foreign capitalists
• Export led development, fueled by low tariffs on imports of inputs & duty-free exports, subsidized infrastructure and physical space, tax holidays, and abundant low-wage labor
ManufacturingCenters inEast Asia
East Asian export processingAnd special economic Zones.
Also located in other countries
Much industrial capacity by Multinational corporationsWith operating systemsBetween locally owned firmsAnd foreign owned companies,Doing international subcontracting,Or outsourcing: Nike
Export-led Industrialization, cont.• Strong reliance on female labor in many of these
export platforms, especially in electronics• Sweatshops – often controlled by U.S.
corporations such as Wal-Mart—push suppliers to push down costs & keep wages low and work days long (Some companies impose work standards)
• East Asian Economic Miracle : education, high national savings, government support, land reform, export-focus, unique corporate institutions, U.S. development policy
Uneven Development in China
Not Per capita income
$8,300
$1240
$37,000
U.S. $37,691 IN 2011
India – Development Centers
Sustainable Development (1)
• The need for a new path• The Malthusian Dragon rears its head IF the
developing world “develops”• How to carve a sustainable development
trajectory?• What adjustments to the capitalist model are
needed?• Can the planet manage these adjustments?
Sustainable Development (2)• The process will involve “a shift away from
understandings of nature as a free good and a sink for wastes and toward the understanding that it is a public good and resource and toward anticipatory techniques of environmental policy making, new roles for science in policy, and new legislative and regulatory frameworks emphasizing risk and uncertainty.” p. 406