Chapter 14

Chapter 14 Chapter 14

Discussion and ReviewDiscussion and Review

Mongol EmpireMongol Empire

Mongolian SteppesMongolian Steppes

Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

Mongol InvasionsMongol Invasions

Mongol WarriorsMongol Warriors

Mongol ArcherMongol Archer

Gold Saddle Arch – Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13cMongols, 13c

Gold Saddle, Front View – Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13cMongols, 13c

If you do not pay homage, If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity.we will take your prosperity.

If you do not have prosperity, If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children.we will take your children.

If you do not have children, If you do not have children, we will take your wife.we will take your wife.

If you do not have a wife, If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.we will take your head.

Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!recovered from Mongol destruction!

Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:

Mongol Nobleman, late Mongol Nobleman, late 13c13c

Robe of a Mongol Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14cNobleman, early 14c

Yuan Golden Bowl, 13cYuan Golden Bowl, 13c

Yuan Empire (1279-1368)Yuan Empire (1279-1368)

Khubilai Khan Khubilai Khan Declared Great Khan in 1265Declared Great Khan in 1265 founded the Yuan empire in 1271founded the Yuan empire in 1271Moved capital to Beijing Moved capital to Beijing Incorporated Chinese traditionsIncorporated Chinese traditions

Confucian laws and public policiesConfucian laws and public policies

GovernmentGovernmentWestern Asian Muslims as officialWestern Asian Muslims as officialHierarchical systemHierarchical systemLegally defined status groupsLegally defined status groupsConfucians had a weak roleConfucians had a weak rolemerchants and doctors elevatedmerchants and doctors elevated

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.1368 C.E.

Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] [“Mongol Peace”]

Tolerated Chinese cultureTolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from them. but lived apart from them.

No Chinese in top govt. posts.No Chinese in top govt. posts.Believed foreigner were moreBelieved foreigner were more

trustworthy.trustworthy.Encouraged foreign trade & foreign Encouraged foreign trade & foreign

merchants to live and work in China.merchants to live and work in China. Marco PoloMarco Polo

Marco Polo Marco Polo (1254-1324)(1254-1324)

A Venetian merchant.A Venetian merchant.

Traveled through YuanTraveled through YuanChina: 1271-1295China: 1271-1295 ““Black Stones” [coal]Black Stones” [coal] Gunpowder.Gunpowder. Noodles.Noodles.

Marco Polo’s TravelsMarco Polo’s Travels

Yuan DynastyYuan Dynasty

Economy / TradeEconomy / TradeTax farmingTax farmingUsed paper money and copper coinsUsed paper money and copper coinsRevitalized tradeRevitalized trade

Cultural DiffusionCultural DiffusionEncouraged sharing and exchange of ideasEncouraged sharing and exchange of ideasMedical information, Science, Mathematics, Medical information, Science, Mathematics,

warfare, etc.warfare, etc.

Yuan Porcelains & Yuan Porcelains & CeramicsCeramics

China’s last native imperial dynasty!

Ming Dynasty - 1368 – 1644Ming Dynasty - 1368 – 1644Closed borders to foreignersClosed borders to foreignerssevered relations with Middle East and Central severed relations with Middle East and Central

AsiaAsiamoved capital to Nanjing; later moved backed moved capital to Nanjing; later moved backed

to Beijingto BeijingThe Ming were nationalistic and turned toward The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward

Confucianism.Confucianism.

How Did the Ming Restore the Chinese Government…

1. Restored the civil service system and made the exams more rigorous than ever

2. Revived Confucian learning 3. Repaired the canal system that

linked regions and made trade easier

4. Supported a revival of arts and literature

2

The Forbidden City: China’s New CapitalThe Forbidden City: China’s New Capital

Revived the Civil Service Exam

Revived the Civil Service Exam

Ming Cultural Revolution

Ming Cultural Revolution

Printing & Literacy Cheap, popular books:

woodblock printing. cheap paper.

Examination system. Leads to explosion in

literacy. Leads to further

popularization of the commercial market.

Culture & Art Increased literacy leads

to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:

Literature. Painting. Ceramics. Opera.

Ming Silver MarketMing Silver Market Spanish Silver Convoys

Triangle route: Philippines to China to Japan.

Silver floods Chinese Market: Causes devaluation of currency &

recession Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration

overseas. Reduces price of Chinese goods in

Europe Increases interest in Chinese culture &

ideas in Europe.

Helps fund conquest of New World Encourages Europeans in conquest &

trade.

Ming Dynasty, 1368-Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.1644 C.E.

Golden Age of Chinese Golden Age of Chinese ArtArtModerationModerationSoftnessSoftnessGracefulnessGracefulness

Hundreds of thousands ofHundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed theworkers constructed theForbidden CityForbidden City..

Ming Emperor Tai Zu Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. (r. 1368-1398)1368-1398)

The Tribute SystemThe Tribute System

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

Ming “Treasure Fleet” Each ship 400’ long & 160’

wide

China’s “Columbus?”

1371-1435

Admiral Zheng He’s VoyagesAdmiral Zheng He’s Voyages First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800

men]. Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this

trip]. Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000

men]. Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500

men]. Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422

Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.

Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to

restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the

return trip.

Zheng He’s MissionZheng He’s Mission MissionMission

To reestablish trade links with To reestablish trade links with the Middle Eastthe Middle East

Bring Southeast Asian Bring Southeast Asian countries and their overseas countries and their overseas Chinese population under its Chinese population under its influenceinfluence

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Acquired Ming tributary statesAcquired Ming tributary states 50 new tributaries 50 new tributaries Overall not very profitableOverall not very profitable

Shape of the World Video Clip…

1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

Why did Ming emperors turn their back Why did Ming emperors turn their back on overseas exploration?on overseas exploration?

1.1. Confucian scholars had little interest in Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas ventures. To them, Chinese overseas ventures. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to all others. civilization was superior to all others.

2.2. The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. stability.

3.3. Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce any profits. not produce any profits.

Ming Empire: TechnologyMing Empire: Technology

Ming technological innovation slowed after Ming technological innovation slowed after 1400, though the economy continued to grow. 1400, though the economy continued to grow.

The causes of the slow-down were complex The causes of the slow-down were complex growth in population, large labor supply lowered the growth in population, large labor supply lowered the

need for mechanizationneed for mechanizationRevival of civil service examRevival of civil service examscarcity of metals for the building of new machinesscarcity of metals for the building of new machines relative lack of technological challenge from military relative lack of technological challenge from military

enemies were all contributing factors.enemies were all contributing factors.

Ming Vases, 18cMing Vases, 18c

Ming Carved Lacquer Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15cDish 15c

Ming Scroll PaintingMing Scroll Painting“Travelers in Autumn “Travelers in Autumn

Mountains”Mountains”

Ming Painting – “Taoist Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar”Scholar”

Ming Painting – “Birds and Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16cFlowers”, 16c

Ming Painting and Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16cCalligraphy, early 16c

Ming Empire Vs MongolsMing Empire Vs MongolsSimilaritiesSimilarities

Ming China was built on a Mongol foundationMing China was built on a Mongol foundationpolitical structure and administrationpolitical structure and administration

including the military system and a hereditary system of including the military system and a hereditary system of social stratification. social stratification.

Differences Differences More ideological than structuralMore ideological than structural

Closed borders to foreigners, severed relations with Closed borders to foreigners, severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia, moved capital to Nanjing Middle East and Central Asia, moved capital to Nanjing

The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism.Confucianism.

• The surrounding The surrounding seas have both seas have both protected and protected and isolatedisolated Japan Japan

Geography of JapanGeography of Japan

Here come the Here come the MongolsMongols

•Only Severe threat to Only Severe threat to Japan Prior to World War II Japan Prior to World War II

•Attracted by gold, pearls Attracted by gold, pearls and power the Kublai Khan and power the Kublai Khan sent a letter demanding sent a letter demanding submission and tribute in submission and tribute in 1268 1268

•Two Attempts were made Two Attempts were made in 1274 and 1281in 1274 and 1281

Mongol Armour, 1271.

Japan Defeats Japan Defeats the Khan’s Army!!the Khan’s Army!!

• First attempt 900 First attempt 900 ships and 40,000 men ships and 40,000 men

• Surprisingly a strong Surprisingly a strong wind came up wind came up “kamikaze” or the “kamikaze” or the divine winds divine winds

• Destroyed 200 ships Destroyed 200 ships and 13,000 men and 13,000 men

• By 1281 the samurai By 1281 the samurai had built a stone wall had built a stone wall and the Khan’s army and the Khan’s army was fought off from was fought off from the wall! the wall!

•

A stone barrier 20 km long A stone barrier 20 km long bordering the coast of Hakata bordering the coast of Hakata

Bay at Fukuoka Bay at Fukuoka

Vietnamese LegendVietnamese LegendKublai Khan, the Mongol leader of thirteenth-Kublai Khan, the Mongol leader of thirteenth-

century China, sent an army to conquer Vietnam. century China, sent an army to conquer Vietnam. The Mongols smashed the Vietnamese capital but The Mongols smashed the Vietnamese capital but were repulsed by a Vietnamese guerrilla counter-were repulsed by a Vietnamese guerrilla counter-

offensive. A second Mongol invasion followed offensive. A second Mongol invasion followed that consistedthat consisted

of 500,000 soldiers. The Mongols were met by a of 500,000 soldiers. The Mongols were met by a Vietnamese force of 200,000 men led by Tran Vietnamese force of 200,000 men led by Tran

Hung Dao who is today considered to be Hung Dao who is today considered to be Vietnam’s greatest national hero. According to a Vietnam’s greatest national hero. According to a legend that reminds us of England’s King Arthur legend that reminds us of England’s King Arthur

story, a magical turtle arose from a lake and story, a magical turtle arose from a lake and gave Tran an enchanted sword. He used this gave Tran an enchanted sword. He used this sword to again defeat the Mongols and then sword to again defeat the Mongols and then

returned it to the turtle in the lake.returned it to the turtle in the lake.

Han ConquestHan Conquest Han conquered the southern “barbarians” in 111 Han conquered the southern “barbarians” in 111

B.C.E. by always had trouble controlling the area.B.C.E. by always had trouble controlling the area. Why? GeographyWhy? Geography Viet elite adopted the bureaucratic ways of the Viet elite adopted the bureaucratic ways of the

Chinese.Chinese. Adopted Confucianism.Adopted Confucianism. Adopted ancestor worship and extended family Adopted ancestor worship and extended family

concept.concept. Buddhism became a dominant influence in the religious became a dominant influence in the religious

and cultural life of the people. and cultural life of the people. Position of women was stronger than in ChinaPosition of women was stronger than in China

Trung sistersTrung sisters

IndependenceIndependence

Massive rebellion in 907, taking Massive rebellion in 907, taking advantage of political chaos of the advantage of political chaos of the Tang.Tang.

939 won independence from China939 won independence from China Defeated all 3 invasion attempts by Defeated all 3 invasion attempts by

the Yuan Mongolsthe Yuan Mongols Vietnam's independence ended in the Vietnam's independence ended in the

mid-19th century CE, when the mid-19th century CE, when the country was colonized by the French country was colonized by the French Empire. Empire.

Koryo DynastyKoryo Dynasty Root of modern name – KoreaRoot of modern name – Korea 918 – 1392 C.E.918 – 1392 C.E. From the Silla through Koryo adoption of From the Silla through Koryo adoption of

Chinese influencesChinese influences Adopted Chinese political institutionsAdopted Chinese political institutions Tributary system to the Chinese emperorTributary system to the Chinese emperor

Mongols Influence in KoreaMongols Influence in Korea

Cultural Diffussion Cultural Diffussion The Mongols shared information and facilitated the The Mongols shared information and facilitated the

spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea. spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea. philosophical ideas of Yuan China, astronomical philosophical ideas of Yuan China, astronomical

observation, mathematics, and growing of cottonobservation, mathematics, and growing of cotton

Fall of the KoryoFall of the Koryo Mongol invasion of 1231.Mongol invasion of 1231. Koryo was a “puppet” dynasty of this time.Koryo was a “puppet” dynasty of this time.

Overtime it will become attached and loyal to Overtime it will become attached and loyal to MongolsMongols

In 1392, Yi Song-gye seized power and In 1392, Yi Song-gye seized power and founded the Yi Dynasty (or sometimes founded the Yi Dynasty (or sometimes seen as the New Chosen). seen as the New Chosen).

Yi Dynasty lasted until 1910.Yi Dynasty lasted until 1910.

Choson (or Yi) DynastyChoson (or Yi) Dynasty 1392-1910 1392-1910

• In 1392, the Koreans overthrew their Mongol conquerors and set up the Choson dynasty

• The period began in 1392 and ended in 1910.

• Japan will control Korea from 1911 to 1945.

Painting on Silk - 18th century

Yi Dynasty (1392 -1910)Yi Dynasty (1392 -1910)

The Yi kingdom The Yi kingdom Established the longest dynasty in Korea Established the longest dynasty in Korea The Mongols shared information and facilitated the The Mongols shared information and facilitated the

spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea.spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea.EducationEducation

Moving from block printing to movable type, brought Moving from block printing to movable type, brought about a very high rate of literacyabout a very high rate of literacyHangul Hangul

military technology military technology Patrol ships with mounted cannons, gun powder Patrol ships with mounted cannons, gun powder

arrow-launchers, and armored shipsarrow-launchers, and armored shipsmade possible a formidable navymade possible a formidable navy

Class SystemClass System

Aristocrats (ruling class)Aristocrats (ruling class) Yang-ban (Upper class)Yang-ban (Upper class) Jung-in (Middle class)Jung-in (Middle class)

Merchants, artisans, Merchants, artisans, doctorsdoctors

Chun-min (Lower class)Chun-min (Lower class) Peasants, farmers, slaves, Peasants, farmers, slaves,

Baek-jung (untouchables)Baek-jung (untouchables) butchers, executionersbutchers, executioners

Easy to Learn LanguageEasy to Learn Language

Illiteracy is virtually Illiteracy is virtually nonexistent in nonexistent in Korea. Korea.

This is another fact This is another fact that attests to the that attests to the easy learn ability of easy learn ability of Han-gulHan-gul. .

Han-gul LanguageHan-gul Language

As the above examples clearly show, As the above examples clearly show, Han-gulHan-gul. with only 14 consonants and . with only 14 consonants and 10 vowels, is capable of expressing 10 vowels, is capable of expressing virtually any sound. virtually any sound.

HanbokHanbok In the Choson dynasty people were garments called the In the Choson dynasty people were garments called the

Hanbok. Hanbok. The clothes reflected the social statusThe clothes reflected the social status people wore the clothes of different designs, people wore the clothes of different designs,

patterns, and colors according to their social patterns, and colors according to their social classes.classes.

HanbokHanbok

HanbokHanbok

RoyaltyRoyalty