CHAPTER 14 1... · therefore, some impacts associated with future projects as described in Section 14.5 would be considered cumulative Tema LNG project impacts. The IFC Procedure

CHAPTER 14

CUMMULATIVE IMPACTS

Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 14-i Knight Piésold Consulting

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

TABLE OF CONTENTS

14 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ......................................................................................................... 14-1

14.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 14-1

14.1.1 Objectives of a Cumulative Impacts Assessment (CIA) ........................................................... 14-2

14.1.2 Limitations and Mitigation ......................................................................................................... 14-2

14.2 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 14-3

14.2.1 First Matrix – Identification of Impacts and Interactions ........................................................... 14-3

14.2.2 Second Matrix – Assessment of Cumulative Impacts .............................................................. 14-3

14.2.3 Third Matrix – Significance of Cumulative Impacts................................................................... 14-3

14.3 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES OF THE CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT14-4

14.4 POTENTIAL RESOURCES AND RECEPTORS ...................................................................... 14-4

14.5 EXISTING AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT........................................................................ 14-5

14.6 NATIONAL NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION UTILITY (NGTU) ............................................ 14-10

14.7 FRAMEWORK CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSESSMENT ..................................................... 14-11

14.7.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 14-11

14.7.2 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts ....................................................................................... 14-12

14.7.3 Physical Environment ............................................................................................................. 14-13

14.7.4 Terrestrial Environment .......................................................................................................... 14-13

14.7.5 Marine Environment ................................................................................................................ 14-13

14.7.6 Social and Health .................................................................................................................... 14-14

LIST OF TABLES

Table 14-1: Types of Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................ 14-1

Table 14-3: Other Potential Developments .............................................................................. 14-8

Table 14-4: List of the impacts associated with the Tema LNG Project ................................. 14-15

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 14-1: Existing Facilities and Infrastructure within the LNG Spatial Boundary ............... 14-7

Figure 14-2: Proposed Natural Gas Pipeline System in Tema ............................................... 14-11

Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 14-1 Knight Piésold Consulting


14 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

This section defines the potential impacts associated with the cumulative effects of the Project

and other developments in the area and region. The assessment of impacts considers both

impacts related directly to the site development activities and also those resulting from the

combined impacts of the site development activities with other developments in the project

area.

Given the limited detail available regarding both existing and future developments, the

assessment that follows is necessarily of a generic nature and focuses on key issues and

sensitivities of the site development and how these might be influenced by cumulative impacts

with other developments.

14.1 INTRODUCTION

Cumulative impacts are typically defined as the incremental effects of proposed development

activities evaluated in tandem with pre-existing or additional proposed development activities.

They may be considered distinct from direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) impacts from the

proposed project in that cumulative impact may occur when a receptor is already impacted by

existing sources and/or from other separate, planned sources.

Due to the proximity of the onshore facilities to the Industrial Area in Tema, there are several

existing industrial development projects that are currently additive to direct Tema LNG project

impacts. Since the WAGP project has the potential to induce future, downstream development;

therefore, some impacts associated with future projects as described in Section 14.5 would be

considered cumulative Tema LNG project impacts.

The IFC Procedure for Environmental and Social Review of Projects1 states that environmental

assessment should include consideration of:

“… cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project and anticipated future

projects.”

Cumulative impacts occur when a Project activity acts together with other activities (other

projects or third party activities) to impact on the same environmental or social resource or

receptor. The IFC defines cumulative impacts as ‘impacts that result from the incremental

impact, on areas or resources used or directly impact by the project, from other existing,

planned or reasonably defined developments at the time the risks and impacts identification

process is conducted’. Significant cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but

collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.

In general, several types of cumulative impact of relevance to the site development can be

defined. These are outlined in Table 14-1 below.

Table 14-1: Types of Cumulative Impacts

Accumulative: the overall effect of different types of impacts at the same location (for

example, dust emissions, construction noise and construction traffic all impacting a local

1 IFC (1998), Procedure for Environmental and Social Review of Projects, IFC, Washington.



community).

Interactive: where two different types of impacts (which may not singly be important) react

with each other to create a new impact (that might be important) (e.g. water abstraction from a

watercourse might exacerbate the impacts caused by increased sediment loading).

Additive or In-combination: where impacts from the primary activity (i.e. site clearance and

construction) are added to impacts from third party activities (e.g. other major projects in the

vicinity of the Project which are already occurring, planned or may happen in the foreseeable

future).

14.1.1 Objectives of a Cumulative Impacts Assessment (CIA)

The objectives of the CIA for the Tema LNG Project are detailed below:

Identify actual or potential projects in the vicinity of the the Tema LNG Project that could

present the possibility of impact interactions

Identify the impacts from the projects that could potentially interact

Characterise the significance of any potential interacting impacts (i.e. cumulative impacts).

14.1.2 Limitations and Mitigation

Cumulative effects are difficult to predict as they are the result of complex interactions between

multiple projects or activities. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that details of the future

development are largely unknown at this stage. Moreover, whether or not a potential future

development actually occurs is dependent on a number of factors that are unknown at the time

of this assessment. Consequently, cumulative impacts are qualitatively assessed herein, i.e.

high-level descriptions of the potential impact are provided.

Mitigation and management of cumulative impacts often require cooperation with other

stakeholders or at a government level, and are frequently beyond the ability of a single project

development to control solely. In line with international good practice, mitigation should be

commensurate with the level of contribution to the cumulative impact by the developer.

The economic benefits of the Tema LNG project can be compounded several times as the

Project expands into future phases. Ghana is likely to benefit from a substantial increase in

Government revenue for the next several decades. This economic benefit could be used to

improve the health, education and quality of life of Ghanaians.

Given the level of oil and gas development activity in the Tema area and the sensitivity of the

biophysical and social environment, the planning of future hydrocarbon development in these

areas would benefit from strategic planning by the Government of Ghana to fully evaluate the

costs and benefits of hydrocarbon development, as well as the other development in the area. It

is the intention of the Government to use the natural gas to encourage industrial development

and further expand the social and economic benefits derived from development of Ghana’s

offshore natural gas resources. To address the issues associated with the potential future

development of Ghana’s natural gas, the Government has developed a Natural Gas

Transmission Master Plan.



14.2 METHODOLOGY

The development of a Cumulative Impacts Assessment for Tema LNG will require the

determination of the temporal and spatial boundaries within which the assessment will take

place. This is a critical item, necessary to identify the specific range of projects and operations

that will be included in the analysis. We do not have enough information at this stage to

compile a full CIA, but this is the method we propose to be used to take the framework we

provide in Section 14.7 to a full assessment.

Once the spatial range has been established, the existing operations that will be included in the

assessment will be determined. Once the temporal range has been established, projects will be

identified that have an acceptable probability of being realised within the spatial boundaries and

which may present interacting impacts with the project or operation being evaluated.

After the spatial and temporal boundaries have been identified, the existing impacts of the other

operations within the spatial boundaries will be identified, as well as the potential impacts of the

probable future projects. Once these have been identified, an evaluation of the potential for

interactions between the impacts will be conducted.

The evaluation of the potential interactions between the identified impacts will be best realised

by making use of an evaluation matrix. The matrix will provide a complete method of assessing

cumulative impacts, indirect impacts and impact interactions, whereas other methods such as

consultation and questionnaires, checklists, spatial analyses, network and systems analyses,

carrying capacity analyses, and modelling all present limitations.

14.2.1 First Matrix – Identification of Impacts and Interactions

The matrix analysis in this project is composed of three stages. The first matrix will allow for the

identification of impacts from each of the individual operations and anticipated projects as

perceived by distinct environmental receptors. Where two or more operations/projects result in

an impact over the same environmental receptor, it is considered that there is a potential for

impact interaction. In these instances a second matrix analysis will be implemented.

14.2.2 Second Matrix – Assessment of Cumulative Impacts

The second stage of the matrix analysis will be developed based on interactive matrix

evaluation. The second stage matrix is only implemented where the first stage matrix has

identified a potential interaction of impacts.

14.2.3 Third Matrix – Significance of Cumulative Impacts

Due to the qualitative nature of the majority of the information that will be used in this

Cumulative Impacts Assessment, it is not possible to determine impact significance using the

traditional method proposed. For this reason a third stage matrix will be developed to classify

the significance of each cumulative impact, within the concept of a subjective, qualitative

assessment.

The significance matrix is based on the duration, intensity, and reversibility of the impact. The

interaction of these assessment components can be interpreted subjectively as the significance

of the impact.



The intensity, duration, and reversibility of the cumulative impact will be determined using the

modal value of each (this being the most frequently occurring value in the matrix for that

particular cumulative impact). Where there are equal numbers of each value in the matrix (i.e. 2

high values and 2 low values), the higher of the modal values will be used (i.e. high) so as to

maintain a conservative estimate of the cumulative impact.

The scale of significance is as follows:

High Significance (H)

Moderate Significance (M)

Low Significance (L)

In order to determine the significance value for each cumulative impact, numerical values will be

given to the intensity, duration, and reversibility.

14.3 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES OF THE CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The Tema LNG Project has been set as the “hub” of the spatial and temporal boundaries of the

CIA, as this is the principal project that is being evaluated. From this central point, the spatial

and temporal extent of the CIA has been identified, as follows:

The spatial boundaries are set as the communities within the two project administrative

districts, the various road and stream crossings, the industries within the project zone of

influence and the fishing harbour nearby the marine project components.

The temporal boundaries are set at 10 years.

The rationale for the establishment of the spatial boundaries as described above is that any

impacts generated by the Tema LNG Project have little potential to interact outside of these

boundaries.

The rationale for setting the temporal boundaries at 10 years is that the infrastructure will be

required to import, store, re-gasify Liquefied Natural Gas (“LNG”) and deliver regasified LNG to

off-takers in the Tema area for an initial period of ten (10) years. Any project developed outside

this timeframe has limited potential for interaction with the Tema LNG Project impacts. This

temporal boundary will therefore include the pre-construction, construction and operational

phases of the LNG Project, but will exclude the closure phase.

It must be noted that only projects that have an acceptable level of probability of occurring will

be considered in this CIA. The level of acceptability has been set at the pre-feasibility level. No

projects that have not at least passed the pre-feasibility stage will be considered.

14.4 POTENTIAL RESOURCES AND RECEPTORS

Past and present activities were considered in developing the environmental and social

baseline against which the Project is assessed. For example, the terrestrial ecology baseline

takes into account industrialised activities within the project area that have transformed the

natural landscape and resulted in an alteration of the habitat for various flora/fauna species.

Thus, such previous activities have already been considered in this ESIA and used as the

baseline to assess the potential impacts of the proposed Project activities.



Specific resources and receptors for the Tema LNG Project will vary but, in general, potentially

affected resources and receptors could include:

air quality (through emissions);

visual and noise;

surface water;

groundwater;

marine ecosystem;

offshore discharges;

terrestrial ecosystem;

community health and safety;

livelihoods and businesses (agriculture, fishing, tourism, employment, etc.);

Physical structures and infrastructure (e.g. homes, roads, etc.); and

Sociocultural structures (e.g. ethnolinguistic groups).

14.5 EXISTING AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

Our current understanding of development in the Project area indicates that major

developments are likely to occur in the vicinity of the site development area in forthcoming

years. The spatial boundary for the Tema LNG project includes existing industrial

developments, Oil and Gas facilities and other linear infrastructures as represented in Figure

14-1. Beyond the past and present activities, the following have been identified as ‘reasonably

defined’ activities that could act together with the Project to cumulatively affect the environment;

Establishment of a National Natural Gas Transmission Utility (NGTU) by the Government of

Ghana in the vicinity of, or incorporating, the LNG Project Site;

Future phases of development of Oil and Gas resources by other potential power

producers;

The development and operation of the LNG Project and associated activities;

The development of industrial sites closer to the Tema LNG property boundary;

Further development of the current power plants, marine exclusion zone, Tema port and

other marine terminals;

Secondary industry and developments associated with Oil and Gas supply; and

Further land-reclamation for developments on the coastal margins of the Tema port.

The gas requirement for Tema (existing plants) is about 155 MMscfd for existing plants and

165 MMscfd for committed thermal plants, bringing the total requirement at Tema to 320

MMscfd by 2016. Projected gas deficit for Tema in 2017 and by 2020 is estimated at

320 MMscfd and 440 MMscfd respectively, if WAGP continues delivery at 40 MMscfd. Error!

Reference source not found. indicates projected gas demand by year for Tema only. For

further details, refer to Table 3-5 in Chapter 3 (Need for the Proposed Project).



The increased use and reliance on the Tema LNG to generate power could lead to additional

power generators and industrial consumers over time, once the Tema LNG is in place.

However, identifying additional expansion or new customers and the types of industrial

development associated with those new customers is highly tentative at this time. Residential

and nonindustrial commercial use is not anticipated for the gas delivered by the Tema LNG

because gas is not considered cost-competitive with traditional fuels and other petroleum-based

fuels for home use. In addition, gas piping distribution infrastructure to individual residences

does not exist.



Figure 14-1: Existing Facilities and Infrastructure within the LNG Spatial Boundary



Historically, the largest power consumer in Tema has been the VALCO aluminum smelter,

which underwrote the Akosombo dam for hydroelectric power. In 2001, for example, VALCO’s

peak demand equated to 27 percent of total peak demand in Ghana, and its energy demand

was 33 percent of the total (PSEC; GridCo, 2013). However, operations have been interrupted

several times over the last 10 years due to power unavailability issues. VALCO has however

indicated that it would like to increase its operations and thus require a significant amount of

electricity. This trend is expected to continue into the next decade (PSEC; GridCo, 2013).

The impacts of these future, additional induced downstream developments are therefore not

considered to be directly attributable to Tema LNG. Quantifying the benefits and impacts of any

potential, secondary downstream development is beyond the scope of this EIA, since the

projects themselves have not been planned or scoped yet. It is anticipated that EIAs would be

conducted in accordance with regional, national, and local laws and regulations for any new

facilities.

Other potential consumers of natural gas include various operations that currently burn other

petroleum-based fuels in furnace or boiler operations. Most of the prospective customers in

Tema are concentrated in the Tema Industrial Area, with others in Accra. Unilever, Pioneer

Foods, Nestle, and Aluworks are all predicting growth (Nexant, 2002 cited in WAGP, 2004).

Table 14-2 presents a summary of other potential induced development as adopted from

WAGP, 2004.

Table 14-2: Other Potential Developments

Construction of New Power Plants

Projects:

AES/VRA Tema IPP project, 300 MW (at site conditions) combined cycle gas turbine, to

be built in phases with two 100 MW gas turbines coming on stream followed by a 100 MW

steam turbine (Purvin and Gertz, 2001).

300 MW combined cycle gas turbine IPP project at TEMA (AES/VRA) built in phases.

220 MW power station in Tema-Kpeme Power (operator), EPDL and Japan's Mrubeni

Corporation are to build, own and operate this US$200MM facility. The facility is

scheduled to begin operation with oil and switch to gas when WAGP is completed. The

Ghanaian-mining firm Ashanti Goldfields (AG) was to purchase nearly half the plant's

output, but withdrew due to initial costs. The remainder of the power was to be purchased

by ECG (Mbendi, 19.Jul.2001, EIA DOE August 2001).

Union Fenosa/ECG cogeneration facility adjacent to the Tema Oil Refinery (TOR), plant

will be fired by residual fuel oil from TOR, and electricity generated sold to ECG. Steam

produced at the facility will be used by the refinery. The government plans to use gas

when WAGP begins operations (M444bendi, 19.Jul.2001, EIA DOE August 2001).

Positive Impacts:

Increased availability of electric power with corresponding potential for economic

development, employment creation.

Reduced electrical power costs for Ghana.



Reduced dependence on other petroleum-based fuels

Negative Impacts:

Environmental and socioeconomic impacts associated with new construction, pipeline

network and new power plants

Air (primarily NOx and CO) and water (primarily thermal) emissions associated with power

generation.

Industrial Users – Conversion to Gas and Potential Expansion of Operations

Projects:

Volta Aluminum Company (VALCO) plant – Boilers. (If operations resume) VALCO

operates 4 to 5 potlines, with a potential extension to a 6th pot line. Natural gas either

direct from WAGP or a potential IPP located on their property, for power generation and

economic growth (~1 km pipeline)

Textile Industries (<15 km pipeline)

Ghana Textile Printing Company (GTP) Boilers

Nestle

Tema Textile

Metal Industries (other than VALCO)

Tema Steel Plant (Scrap Metal) Reheating Furnaces

Aluworks Furnaces (aluminum)

Ferro Fabrik (metal works) Reheating furnaces

WAHOME (steel)

Intrinsic Resources Burners – Iron rods/steel manufacturing

Food Industries

Pioneer Foods – foodstuffs Boilers

Cocoa Processing Boilers/Engine Generators/Roasters

Nestle Kilns/Boilers – Food Processing

Ghana Agro – Foods Boilers

Other Industries

PVC & Salt recovery and allied processes Strategic Project

Unilever Tema Factory - Boiler, Foodstuffs and detergents

GTMC (unknown pipeline distance)

GAFCO (unknown pipeline distance)

P.Z. Cussons Ghana Ltd Industrial Boilers (unknown pipeline distance)



Crocodile Matchets Gh. Ltd Furnaces (unknown pipeline distance)

Tema Oil Refinery – Furnaces and Boilers

Accra Industrial Area – Various projects (~40 km pipeline)

(Nexant 2002, Purvin and Gertz, 2001)

Positive Impacts:

Increased fuel supply.

Better opportunities for revenue growth.

Reduced air and water emissions per unit production.

Negative Impacts:

A range of potential impacts associated with industrial operation– developments too

speculative for detailed assessment at this time

Source: Adopted from WAGP (2004)

14.6 NATIONAL NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION UTILITY (NGTU)

The Government of Ghana intends to build a national gas pipeline network, to facilitate the

introduction of natural gas into the economy. In view of its quest to develop gas infrastructure,

the Government of Ghana has appointed BOST Company Limited as the developer and

operator of the natural gas transmission system in accordance with the provision of EC Act 541,

1997.

On the basis of its mandate in the natural gas sector, BOST intends to develop a nationwide

network of natural gas transmission pipelines and regulatory metering stations in accordance

with the proposed Natural Gas transmission master plan:

(i) Tema-Accra Network 30 km (18” pipeline)

(ii) Western Gas Transmission System (Takoradi – Kumasi) 1,200 km (6” – 18” pipeline)

(iii) Coastal (Jubilee) Transmission System (Bonyire – Takoradi) 125 km (20”) pipeline

(iv) Takoradi – Aboadze WAGP Interconnection Line 15 – 20 km (18” – 20” pipeline) 126

Eastern Gas Transmission System 500 km (6” – 18” pipeline)

The Tema Distribution System

The idea to develop a secondary gas market for Tema came about as a result of the West

African Pipeline Development Process. The main objective at the time was to develop a market

for natural gas beyond the contracted amount to V.R.A. Thus other IPPs and Industries in the

Tema area were to benefit from standard gas supply in excess of gas supply to the foundation

customer (Refer to Figure 14-2). The production of gas in Ghana and the ever growing demand

for natural gas in the Tema area has made the development of this project a high priority for

Government.

The Infrastructure in Tema will consist of:



a) An RMS and connecting gas pipelines to serve IPPs including VRA and Sunon-Asogli

and Industrial end users in Tema.

b) Tema City-Gates Network which is 32 km

c) In the long term, an onshore Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Import and Receiving Terminal

at Tema or a Floating Storage & Re-gasification Unit (FSRU) to complement the WAGP

project.

Figure 14-2: Proposed Natural Gas Pipeline System in Tema

(Source: BOST Company Limited)

14.7 FRAMEWORK CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSESSMENT

14.7.1 Overview

The project area is defined in terms of the spatial boundaries listed in section 14.3 above, and

includes the industrial activities, power/pipe line corridor and surrounding communities.

Information currently available related to the location, extent or timing of the establishment of

the National Natural Gas Transmission Utility (NGTU) by the Government of Ghana is not

definite at this stage. It is understood that the Government wishes to promote the involvement

of investors in megaprojects in the hydrocarbon sector and has mandated BOST to develop a

nationwide network of natural gas transmission pipelines.

It is assumed that the Tema LNG onshore location will be part of the establishment of this

NGTU in the vicinity of the Project area, or possibly incorporating the Project area. The NGTU

will serve as the area within which future industrial activity (onshore) will be located. The aim, as



currently understood, is to consolidate infrastructure and services in one area and to avoid

impacts of discreet projects occurring in different areas over a wider area.

The proposed development of the NGTU could transform a relatively large area from its current

state to facilitate heavy industrial use. Such transformation may result in the alteration of natural

watercourses and displacement of native fauna, and may potentially restrict access or

otherwise alter the traditional livelihoods of the local communities reliant on the land. These

potential impacts are quite similar to those discussed in association with the terrestrial

components for the proposed Tema LNG Project. However, it is difficult to quantify the extent of

the potential impacts at this stage as the scale, timing and other details relating to the NGTU

are unknown.

14.7.2 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts

Because the specifics of the proposed NGTU and the associated operating scenarios are

unknown at this stage, quantifying the potential cumulative impact is not possible. On a

qualitative level, it is expected that the NGTU, if managed properly, could have an overall

positive impact on both biophysical resources and on socio-economic receptors at the regional

level, given that the hydrocarbon resources in this region of the country will undoubtedly be

developed. While there may be direct and indirect environmental and social impacts at the local

level, in the long term, consolidating this development within the NGTU will ensure impacts are

largely concentrated in one area and easier to manage. The NGTU also offers the opportunity

for careful thought to be applied to spatial, strategic planning such that potentially conflicting

land uses or businesses (e.g. tourism and industrial development) can be supported in a

planned, coordinated fashion, thereby maximising the economic potential of the Industrial hub

of Ghana and minimising negative impacts as far as possible.

A Cumulative Impacts Assessment, as described in the methodology above, is therefore not

considered necessary at this stage. The methodology can however be applied in future, should

further development of the project area necessitate the assessment of cumulative impacts.

Cumulative impacts are identified and described in a qualitative manner; some impacts are

listed due to stakeholder concerns, even though the cumulative impact is deemed insignificant.

All these projects have the potential to cause positive and negative cumulative impacts. The

potential developments presented in Section 14.5 are likely to result in an increase in

population, supporting industries and services that would increase pressure on infrastructure

and services within the Tema metropolis. The positive cumulative impacts would be related to

the significant economic development of Tema Industrial region and the country. The primary

negative cumulative impacts would be the gradual transformation of the project areas with

associated impacts on ecological functioning of some ecosystems. From a sociocultural

perspective, the positive cumulative impact would be associated with economic development.

Other potential cumulative impacts would be changes to the local culture and livelihoods, and

this could be perceived as positive or negative.

Table 14-3 presents a generalised list of the impacts associated with the Tema LNG Project

and other activities in the CIA project area and the significance of each impact. The potential

significant cumulative impacts identified for the Tema LNG project area are also categorised as

follows:



14.7.3 Physical Environment

Further industrialisation of the Tema project area would result in increased visual

impact to a wider range of viewers over a wider geographical area.

The presence of additional developments (both industrial and housing) would lead to

increased light and noise over a wider geographical area. This is of particular concern

during operations at night.

Although largely dependent on the type of future development, it is likely that an

increase in traffic-related emissions such as PM10 and NOx would occur with a resulting

cumulative impact on air quality. Increased emissions of atmospheric pollutants would

also arise from emissions from motor vehicles. Dust could also increase along with the

volume of traffic.

Increased effluent discharges would also arise as the quantity of sewage and grey

water from dwellings and industrial facilities increases. Deterioration in water quality

could impact biodiversity, fisheries and the health of local communities.

Strain on waste management infrastructure within the project area. All Tema LNG

waste will be handled and disposed of according to approved Waste Management Plan.

No significant cumulative impacts are expected from construction waste disposal in-

region. All potential disposal facilities will be audited, with secondary plans for proper

waste disposal, should those facilities not be able to safely absorb the incremental

Tema LNG waste stream.

14.7.4 Terrestrial Environment

Additional land take for neighboring developments and associated habitat loss,

disturbance and displacement and increased levels of habitat fragmentation, with

resulting impacts on notable habitats and species.

Increased development in the Tema project areas and associated increases in human

presence, noise, artificial lighting, vehicle movement and other disturbing activities that

may impact notable fauna such as breeding turtles and endemic birds. Disturbance

may result in animals being physically harmed, displaced or failing to breed

successfully.

14.7.5 Marine Environment

Increased disturbance to aquatic fauna resulting from increased shipping traffic in the

offshore project area and the environs.

Changes to hydrodynamic and coastal sediment regimes if future developments require

further development on the Tema project site and coastline, or dredging of Tema port.

In the Tema nearshore environment, the Tema Oil Refinery has installed a single point

mooring (SPM) system, with two pipelines from approximately 5 km offshore to a

delivery point onshore at the refinery. All direct nearshore and offshore impacts as

described in Chapter 12 (Assessment of Marine Impacts and Mitigation) are

incremental to the SPM development; however, the direct LNG project impacts are not

of high severity.



At this time, project details and proximity of the NGTU pipelines to the Tema LNG

pipeline are not definite, but there is the potential for the nearshore area to be

designated as a non-anchoring area if pipeline infrastructure in the area becomes too

dense; such a designation would affect shipping patterns and offshore traffic. The

unburied portions of pipeline on the seabed floor would also add to the cumulative

effects of any potential livelihood impacts on fisheries and fishermen.

14.7.6 Social and Health

Negative

Restricted access to Tema Project area caused by the construction and physical

presence of the offshore LNG terminal and other components, plus other developments

that use land.

Marine and road traffic accidents as vessel traffic in Tema Port and vehicle traffic on

public roads increases as a result of an overall increase in industrialisation.

Increased impacts on respiratory health of local communities resulting from dust in

relation to site clearance and the use of additional temporary unpaved roads for access

to construction sites.

Increased potential for the introduction and spread of communicable diseases if large

external and “unattached” workforces are introduced without careful management,

during the construction phase of the Tema LNG Terminal and other projects.

Increased potential for growth of the sex industry in Tema and its nearby communities

as a result of worker and general population influx, with associated problems such as

increase in drug and alcohol abuse, and general increase in crime.

Potential pressure on fishing if industrialisation leads to in-migration without associated

jobs and/or additional exclusion zones are enacted

Increasing pressure on existing services in health, education, utilities, policing and other

public services which are already overstretched.

Positive

Increase in direct, indirect and induced employment in the local area in response to

increased development, providing that policies requiring companies to train and use the

locally available workforce are instituted so that jobs are not just provided to outside

skilled workers (local content).

Increase in development of local businesses, service providers and providers of

equipment, providing that policies requiring companies to procure locally are instituted

and followed, and that companies train local service providers to provide to levels

required by major industries (local content).

Overall increase in the local standard of living, including education and health,

associated with increased local content

Alleviation of energy shortages leading to economic growth.



Table 14-3: List of the impacts associated with the Tema LNG Project

Environmental

receptor

Activity or issue Cumulative environmental or social impact Significance of

impact

Soils

Clearing of vegetation for pipeline

installation and onshore/reception

facility construction

Soil removal with loss of nutrients, loss physico- chemical

properties and microflora M

Loss of topsoil due to erosion and other construction activities M

Air quality

Cleaner fuel supply (reduced air

emissions) by the Tema LNG project Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality M+

Haul roads, access roads, pipeline

trenching and installation activities

Dust generated resulting in an impact on vegetation and sensitive

receptors M

Bush clearing activities using fire Deterioration in air quality L

Land use Change in land use from residential

estates to industrial hub

The Tema LNG pipeline ROW and onshore reception facilities will

occupy a small footprint but will have an additional land use

impact.

M

Surface Water

Removal of vegetation Sedimentation leading to an increase in turbidity in nearby water

courses. L

Inadequate sanitary facilities in nearby

communities

Increased loading of nutrients and coliforms in the Gao lagoon and

nearby water bodies M

Various point and diffuse sources of

pollution related to various construction

activities and various industrial

Reduction in water quality of the Gao lagoon, which is adjacent

(about 500 m) to the shoreline crossing at Tema LNG location. H



Environmental

receptor


impact

activities.

Influx of people due to job opportunities Increased solid waste L

Flora

Removal of vegetation for the sites

earmarked for pipeline installation and

other onshore infrastructure

Destruction and fragmentation of vegetation M

Increased vehicle traffic associated with

Tema LNG project activities and

improved access road will lead to an

increase in dust

Increase in dust levels result in lowering the photosynthetic ability

of vegetation smothered by dust L

Clearing of vegetation exposes soil to

invasion by alien plants Increase in alien vegetation and weeds M

LNG facility operations, human activity Detrimental edge effects L

Fauna

Increased noise due to increase in

vehicle traffic and influx of people Impact on breeding activities of bird communities L

Destruction of the ecological state of the

site during the removal of vegetation

Loss of important fauna due to direct killing L

Destruction of fauna habitat L

Increase in vehicles associated with

the vegetation removal and topsoil

removal

Increased casualties of fauna due to road kills, especially at night L



Environmental

receptor


impact

LNG facility operations, human activity Detrimental edge effects L

Aquatic ecosystems

Influx of people resulting in increased

pressure on natural resources Increased fishing pressure M

Influx of infected people and creation of

suitable breeding grounds Increased malaria and bilharzia M

Marine environment

Installation of pipeline equipment

Enforcement of marine exclusion zone

Increase in shipping traffic

Potential pipeline breaks or other

incidents

Marine discharges

Habitat destruction and fragmentation

Increased fishing in non-exclusion areas

Increased potential for pollution from increase in marine vessels

Increased potential for incidents as the pipeline network expands

and undersea infrastructure increases

Accumulative impact of various temperature and chemical

discharges

M

Aesthetics

Removal of the vegetation and topsoil

Establishment of infrastructure in the

coastal zone

Aesthetic impact L



Environmental

receptor


impact

Traffic

Pipe transport from the Port to the

project area/onshore ROW and back

(during the construction phase)

Cumulative effects on transportation are expected in and around

the Port of Tema.

Existing traffic loads near the Port are high, especially during peak

hours; in addition, it is unknown at this time whether the existing

road infrastructure has the carrying capacity for the heavy loads

associated with the pipe transport activities.

M

Pipe laying barges and supply vessels

during marine construction

Increase marine traffic (additional impact to the existing boat traffic

movements in the Gulf of Guinea). L

Socio-economic

(community level)

Construction activities Job creation opportunities for nearby communities H+

Economy

The establishment of the LNG facility leads subsequently to new

businesses where the need arises M

+

Loss of small scale farming land due to pipeline construction area

and pipeline corridor (ROW) L

Social

Influx of people and commercial sex workers may result in an

increase in HIV/AIDS and sexually-transmitted diseases M

Influx of people hoping to find work may result in conflict due to

land availability M

Influx of people results in the increasing pressure on the already

existing scarce social resources M



Environmental

receptor


impact

Potential increase in alcoholism due to increased disposable

income in the community M

Safety and Health

Increase in road traffic may result in an increase in road accidents M

Increase in transport volume will result in increase of noise and

dust pollution from heavy vehicles

Increase in marine traffic and undersea activities may lead to an

increase in the potential for accidents at sea

M

CHAPTER 14 1... · therefore, some impacts associated with future projects as described in Section 14.5 would be considered cumulative Tema LNG project impacts. The IFC Procedure

Documents