CHAPTER 13 Section 2: The Factory System Objectives: Describe how the factory system changed working and living conditions for workers and the middle class during the Industrial Revolution. Discuss the changing roles of women in a newly-industrialized society. The Industrial Revolution
CHAPTER 13 Section 2:The Factory System Objectives: Describe how the factory system changed working and living conditions for workers and the middle class.
Dec 19, 2015
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CHAPTER 13
Section 2: The Factory System
Objectives:
Describe how the factory system changed working and living conditions for workers and the middle class during the Industrial Revolution.
Discuss the changing roles of women in a newly-industrialized society.
The Industrial Revolution
SECTION 2
13.2 Bell Ringer:What are some characteristics of the middle class and working class in England?Create a bubble map – see next slide.
The Factory System
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The Factory System
Middle Class
Working Class
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The Factory System
How Machines Affected Work• Made work easier
• Could be learned in a few days
• Hired women & children Why?
• What happened to older, skilled workers?
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The Factory System
The Wage System• Domestic System
– Unsupervised in own home
– Were paid for number of items completed
• Factory System– Each performed only a
small part of the entire job
– Dozens/hundreds worked in same room with supervisors
– Paid wages based on hours worked or amt. of goods produced
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The Factory System
What factors determine wages?• Costs of production• Number of workers• Wages of other jobs• Higher for men
than for women Why?
Wages of Factory Workers in 1833
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Lives of Factory Workers• Begin work at 5am until 7pm –
often worked 14 hours/day –Six days per week
• ½ hour each for breakfast & dinner – pay? $2 per week
• Must attend church
• Breaking any rule meant heavy fines, pay cuts, or job loss
• No sanitary facilities
• No safety devices
• No compensation if hurt
Rules To Be Observed, Haslingden Mill, 1851
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Abuses
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The Factory System1832 Sadler Committee Investigation
Lord Ashley's Mines Commission of 1842 Chadwick's report on sanitary problems
Girl pulling a coal tub in mine. From official report of the parliamentary commission.
Contaminated London drinking watercontaining various micro-organisms, refuse,and the like.Result? Factory Act of 1833
Visual Source
The Factory System
DIRTY FATHER THAMESFilthy river, filthy river,
Foul from London to the Nore,What art thou but one vast gutter,One tremendous common shore?
All beside thy sludgy waters,All beside thy reeking ooze,
Christian folks inhale mephitis,Which thy bubbly bosom brews. Punch 1850 – A DROP OF LONDON WATER
Punch, Jul.-Dec. 1848
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Lives in Workers’ Homes
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Development of the Middle Class
Economic& PoliticalPOWER
agriculture
Manufacturing!
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Changes in society ….
New Social Class StructureUpper Class:
Very rich industrial & business families. Old Noble class.
Upper Middle Class:
Business people & professionals such as, lawyers & doctors.
Lower Middle Class:
Other professionals such as, teachers, shop owners, and office workers.
Working Class:
Factory workers and small farmers.
New roles were defined for middle class men and women. Middle class men went to work in business, while their wives worked from home and cared for the family. The higher standard of living for the middle class meant that their children received some form of formal education.
Visual Source
The Factory System
A Victorian slum. A picture of the Seven Dials district of London in 1872
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Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819Set the minimum working age to 9Set the maximum working hours to 12 per day
Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833Established paid inspectors to inspect factories on child labor regulations and enforce the law
Ten Hours Bill 1847Limited working hours to 10 per day for women and children
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How did women’s lives change?
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(From Punch, 14 September 1872, p. 113)
‘Doctor Evangeline: “By the bye, Mr Sawyer, are you engaged tomorrow afternoon? I have rather a ticklish operation to perform – an amputation, you know.” Mr Sawyer: “I shall be very happy to do it for you.” Doctor Evangeline: “O, no, not that! But will you kindly come and administer the chloroform for me?”’
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Political Cartoon
The Factory System
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were bankers, lawyers, doctors, etc.
rising social status
gained social influence and political power
well-educated
Middle Class
worked in factories for low wages
industrializing England
most children did not attend school
Working Class
lifestyles and living conditions similar to lower middle class
lived in tenements
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