Gripping IFRS Leases: in the books of the lessee Chapter 13 402 Chapter 13 Leases: Lessee Accounting Reference: IAS 17Contents: 1.Introduction 2.Definitions 3.Lease classification 3.1Overview Example 1: leases 3.2Land and buildings Example 2: lease of land and buildings Page 403 403 404 404 405 406 407 4.Finance leases 4.1Recognition and measurement Example 3: basic finance lease 4.2Tax implications Example 4: deferred tax on a finance lease 4.3Other measurement issues Example 5: arrear instalments, financial period differs to lease period 4.4 Disclosure of a finance lease 409 409 410 411 411 412 412 413 5.Operating leases 5.1Recognition and measurement Example 6: basic operating lease 5.2Tax implications Example 7: deferred tax on an operating lease 5.3Disclosure of an operating lease 415 415 416 416 416 417 6.Sale and leaseback6.1Overview 6.2Sale and finance leasebackExample 8: basic sale and finance leaseback6.3Sale and operating leasebackExample 9: basic sale and operating leaseback6.3.1Tax implications: sale and operating leaseback418 418 418 419 421 423 424 7.Transaction taxes 7.1Finance lease Example 10: simple finance lease with VAT Example 11: finance lease with tax and VAT 7.2Operating lease Example 12: operating lease with tax and VAT 425 425 425 426 427 427 8.Summary 430
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Accounting is concerned with recording transactions in substance, rather than as they appearto be. In other words, a transaction’s substance takes precedence over its legal form.
The common form of a lease transaction is that one party rents an item from another party.The substance of most leases may vary from their legal form, in that the lease agreementrepresents a sale rather than a lease.
True to its substance, a lease is either accounted for as an operating lease or a finance lease. Inthe following sub sections, the various differences between the two are explained.
2. Definitions
Inter alia, paragraph 4 of IAS 17 provides the following definitions:
• A lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a
payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time.• A non-cancellable lease is a lease that is cancellable only:
a) upon the occurrence of some remote contingency;b) with the permission of the lessor;c) if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset with the
same lessor; ord) upon payment by the lessee of such an additional amount that, at inception of the
lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably certain.
• The commencement of the lease term is the date from which the lessee is entitled toexercise its right to use the leased assets. It is the date of initial recognition of the lease(i.e. the recognition of the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting from thelease, as appropriate).
• The lease term is the non-cancellable period for which the lessee has contracted to leasethe asset together with any further terms for which the lessee has the option to continueto lease the asset, with or without further payment, when at the inception of the lease itis reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option.
• Minimum lease payments are the payments over the lease term that the lessee is or canbe required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paidby and reimbursed to the lessor, together with any amounts guaranteed by the lessee orby a party related to the lessee.However, if the lessee has an option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected tobe sufficiently lower than fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it tobe reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised, the
minimum lease payments comprise the minimum payments payable over the lease termto the expected date of exercise of this purchase option and the payment required toexercise it.
• Economic life is either:a) the period over which an asset is expected to be economically usable by one or
more users; orb) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset
by one or more users.
• The interest rate implicit in the lease is the discount rate that, at the inception of thelease, causes the aggregate present value of (a) the minimum lease payments and (b) theunguaranteed residual value to be equal to the sum of (i) the fair value of the leasedasset and (ii) any initial direct costs of the lessor.
• Initial direct costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to negotiating andarranging a lease, except for such costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors.
• Contingent rent is that portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount butbased on the future amount of a factor that changes other than with the passage of time(e.g. percentage of future sales, amount of future use, future price indices, future marketrates of interest).
3.
Lease classification (IAS 17.7 - .19)
3.1 Overview (IAS 17.7 - .13)
There are two types of leases: finance leases and operating leases. What differentiates the onetype from the other is whether substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an assetare transferred from the lessor to the lessee. If the risks and rewards:• are transferred from the lessor to the lessee, then the substance of the transaction is a
purchase rather than a true lease: therefore a finance lease;• are not transferred from the lessor to the lessee, then the substance of the transaction is a
true lease: therefore an operating lease.
Guidance as to whether risks and rewards are transferred is given in paragraph 10 of IAS 17by way of a list of examples of situations that individually or in combination would normallylead to a lease being classified as a finance lease:
a) the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term;b) the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be lower than
the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable. It must be reasonably certain, atthe inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised;
c) the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset, even if title is nottransferred;
d) at the inception of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts toat least substantially all of the fair value of the asset; and
e) the leased assets are of such a specialised nature that only the lessee can use them without
major modifications.
If any of the above situations apply, then the lease is normally classified as a finance lease,otherwise it is classified as an operating lease. Always remember that the overridingrequirement is whether substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have beentransferred.
Besides these examples, the standard gives a few extra indicators that might suggest that alease is a finance lease. The indicators suggested are:
a) if the lessee can cancel the lease, the lessor’s losses associated with the cancellation areborne by the lessee;
b) if any gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual accrue to thelessee (e.g. in the form of a rent rebate equalling most of the sales proceeds at the end of the lease);
c) if the lessee has the ability to continue the lease for a secondary period at a rent that issubstantially lower than market rent.
The classification of a lease is determined at the inception of the lease. If the lessee andlessor agree to alter the provisions of the lease which would have changed the classification of the lease had the new provisions been implemented at the inception of the lease, then theoriginal lease is considered cancelled and the lease is considered a new one and is classifiedappropriately. Therefore, this does not apply to normal renewals and to changes in estimates.
Company A leases a motor vehicle from Company B.• The lease became effective 1 January 20X4 and the lease term is for 4 years.• The annual lease payments are C10 000 per annum, in arrears.• There is no option of renewal (of the lease agreement).• The implicit interest rate is 10%.• The fair value of the motor vehicle at 1 January 20X4 is C31 700.
Required:For each of the scenarios below, discuss whether or not the above lease agreement constitutesa finance lease:• Scenario 1: The useful life of the motor vehicle is 8 years. At the end of the lease period,
ownership of the motor vehicle transfers from Company B to Company A.
• Scenario 2: The useful life of the motor vehicle is 4 years. At the end of the lease period,ownership of the motor vehicle remains with Company B.
• Scenario 3: Ignore the above information: Payments are C 5 000 for 3 years in arrears,there is no option of renewal, fair value of the machine was C40 000 and the interest rateimplicit is 10%. The useful life of the vehicle is 8 years.
Solution to example 1: leases
Considering situations provided in IAS 17.10 for consideration in classifying the lease:
Identifying the substance of a lease is done using the situations given in paragraph .10 of IAS 17.
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
a) Does ownership of the motor vehicle
transfer to the lessee (Company A)by the end of the lease?
Scenario 1 and 2: The substance of the leases (for both scenarios) is that of a finance lease, as
substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are effectively transferred to Company A at the
inception of the lease.
Scenario 3: The lease does not meet any of the criteria and is therefore an operating lease, as
substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership have remained with B Limited.
Working 1: Calculating the present value of the vehicle for scenarios 1 and 2
Date
Amount
Paid
Present value factor
(see W2)
Present value
(see W3)
31/12/20X4 10 000 0.909091 9 091
31/12/20X5 10 000 0.826446 8 264
31/12/20X6 10 000 0.751315 7 513
31/12/20X7 10 000 0.683013 6 830
31 698
Working 2: Calculating present value factors for interest rate of 10%
Present value factor = [1/(1+10%)]
Where: n = number of years/periods
n
Working 3: Calculating present values
Present value = Present value factor X amount paid
Alternatively, the calculation of the present value of the minimum lease payments could be
done with a financial calculator as follows:
n = 4
i = 10%
PMT = -10 000
COMP PV
Working 4: Calculating the present value of the vehicle for scenario 3
Amount
Paid
Present value factor
(see W2)
Present Value
(see W5)
31/5/20X5 5 000 0.909091 4 545
31/5/20X6 5 000 0.826446 4 132
31/5/20X7 5 000 0.751315 3 757
12 434
Working 5: Calculating the present values
Present value = Present value factor x amount paid
Alternatively, the calculation of the present value of the minimum lease payments could be
with a financial calculator as follows:
• n = 3
• i = 10%
• PMT = -5 000
• COMP PV
3.2 Land and buildings (IAS 17.10; and .14 - .18)
Where there is a lease of land and buildings (that is not classified as investment property interms of IAS 40), the classification thereof, as either an operating or finance lease, mustinvolve the separate consideration and classification of the land element and building element
(irrespective of whether the agreement refers to them separately!):• if ownership of both elements is not expected to pass to the lessee at the end of the lease:
- land is usually classified as an operating lease (due to its indefinite life); and- the buildings could potentially be a finance or operating lease;
• if ownership of both land and buildings is expected to pass to the lessee by the end of thelease period, both elements are classified as a finance lease.
If the lease payments cannot be allocated reliably between these two elements, the entire lease
is classified as a finance lease, unless it is clear that both elements are operating leases, inwhich case the entire lease is classified as an operating lease. If the land element isimmaterial, then the land and buildings may be treated as a single unit for the purpose of leaseclassification and classified as either a finance or operating lease. The life of the buildingwould then be used for the life of the entire asset (land and buildings).
A characteristic of land is that it is usually considered to have an indefinite useful life. This isbecause land is generally not used up (and is therefore not depreciated) in the process of giving economic benefits to its owner/user. Therefore, if title is not expected to pass to thelessee at the end of the lease term, the lease of land is usually classified as an operating lease.
Buildings do, however, have finite useful lives. When using a building in the pursuit of economic benefits, the building’s life and capacity is diminished, and is therefore depreciated
over this useful life. The building element may be classified, using the normal rules, as eithera finance or operating lease in accordance with the substance of the agreement.
In accounting for the separate land and building portions, the minimum lease payments are tobe allocated between the two elements in proportion to the relative fair values of the leaseholdinterests in the land element and the building element, as at the inception of the lease.
If the lease of an element is recognised as a finance lease then the lease payment relative tothat element must be separated into:• a finance charge relative to the fair value of the element at the start of the lease; and• a capital repayment of the fair value of the element at the start of the lease.
If the lease of an element is recognised as an operating lease then the lease payment relativeto that element will not involve the repayment of the fair value and is therefore simply:• an operating lease expense, measured relative to the fair value of the element at the start
of the lease.
Example 2: lease of land and building
Lessee Limited entered into a lease agreement with Lessor Limited whereby Lessee Limitedleased both land and buildings from Lessor Limited.• The lease agreement became effective on 1 January 20X3, and is for 20 years.• The annual lease payment is to be C500 000 per annum, in arrears.At the inception of the lease, the fair value of the land is C5 000 000 whilst the fair value of
the building is C2 240 832.
At the conclusion of the agreement, the fair value of the land is expected to be C5 000 000,whilst the building is expected to be zero (i.e. the building will be depreciated over itsremaining useful life of 20 years, to a residual value of zero).
The interest rate implicit is given at 6.070338549%.Ownership of both the land and building is expected to remain with Lessor Limited.
Required:Prepare the journal entries for 20X3 in the lessee’s accounting records.
Solution to example 2: lease of land and buildings
1/1/20X3 Debit Credit
Property, plant and equipment 2 240 832
Liability: finance lease 2 240 832Capitalisation of leased building at fair value
Journal entry 1At the commencement of the lease term, a lessee shall record a finance lease by recognisingan asset and a corresponding liability, in its statement of financial position. These items willbe raised at amounts equal to the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the presentvalue of the minimum lease payments, each determined at the inception of the lease.
The discount rate used to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payments is theinterest rate implicit in the lease. Any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee are then addedto the amount recognised as an asset.
Journal entry 2
Since an asset has been raised (journal entry 1), a depreciation expense must be leviedaccording to the depreciation policy of the lessee and IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment :• if there is reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease
term, the leased asset is depreciated over its expected useful life;• if however, in terms of paragraph 27, there is no reasonable certainty that the lessee will
obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the leased asset shall be fully depreciatedover the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.
Journal entry 3The minimum lease payments (from the ‘bank’) shall be apportioned between the financecharge and the reduction of the outstanding liability.The finance charge is calculated by multiplying the remaining balance in the liability account
by the appropriate discount rate.
Journal entry 4In accordance with IAS 1, paragraph 61, the amount expected to be settled within twelvemonths after reporting date is disclosed separately as a current liability.
Assume that Company A leases equipment with a cash cost of C748 000 from Company B interms of a finance lease agreement. Company A has a 31 December year-end.The lease begins on 1 January 20X5. There are 6 instalments of C166 744 each, paid annuallyin arrears and the discount rate (interest rate implicit) is 9%.
The company depreciates equipment at 25% per annum on the straight-line basis to a nilresidual value.
Required:Prepare the journal entries for 20X5 in Company A’s books. Ignore tax
Solution to example 3: basic finance lease
1/1/20X5 Debit Credit
Equipment 748 000
Liability: finance lease 748 000
Capitalisation of leased asset and corresponding liability
31/12/20X5
Depreciation 187 000
Accumulated depreciation – equipment 187 000
Depreciation charged at 25%
Finance charges 748 000 x 9% 67 320
Liability: finance lease 166 744 – 67 320 99 424
Bank 166 744
Split of repayment: finance charges and liability reduction (working 1)
Liability: finance lease 108 372
Liability: current portion of finance lease 108 372
Transfer of current portion of liability (see working 1: *)
Working 1: Effective interest rate table: finance lease
Liability
Date Interest (9%) Instalment Capital repaid Balance
Finance leases will generally have deferred tax implications since most tax authorities do notdifferentiate between finance leases and operating leases. Instead, most tax authorities treatall leases as operating leases for tax purposes. The tax authorities, in not recognising thesubstance of the finance lease (i.e. the “sale”), still hold the view that the asset belongs to the
lessor and not the lessee. Therefore, the lessee is not given a capital allowance (e.g. wear andtear) against taxable income (this is given to the lessor), but instead, is allowed to deduct thelease instalments when they are paid.
There is a temporary difference because the lessee includes depreciation and interest in hiscalculation of profit or loss, whereas the tax authorities grant an allowance/deduction for thepayment of the lease instalment instead.
This is best illustrated by an example.
Example 4: deferred tax on a finance lease
The facts from example 3 apply. The following tax-related information now also applies:• the local tax authority treats this lease as an operating lease and allows the lease
instalment as a deduction when paid;• the tax rate is 30%.
Required:Prepare the deferred tax journal entry for 20X5
Solution to example 4: deferred tax on a finance lease
• Finance charges must be provided for as long as the related liability exists. If the entityhad a lease liability for 3 months in the accounting period, then there must be 3 monthsworth of finance charges. If the finance charges haven’t been paid, it must be classified asa current liability (accrued).
• Normally the interest rate given is an annual rate. If there is more than one instalment peryear then the annual rate must be divided by the number of instalments per financial yearin order to arrive at the rate to be used in the amortisation table.
• If the lease instalments are payable in advance, then the first instalment has no financecharges component. The entire instalment is deducted from the balance owing.
Example 5: arrear instalments, financial period differs to lease period
An asset with a cash value of C200 000 is leased over a period of 4 years.• The asset is depreciated over 4 years to a nil residual value.
• Annual instalments of C71 475 are payable in arrears.• The discount rate (interest rate implicit) is 16% per annum.• The lease commenced on 1 March 20X5. The first instalment is payable on 28 February
20X6 and the financial year of the lessee ends on 31 December.• The tax rate is 30%.
Required:Draft the journal entries for the year ended 31 December 20X5
Solution to example 5: arrear instalments, financial period differs to lease period
In this instance, the year-end precedes the first instalment payment. The 20X5 implications are:
• there are no tax allowances in the first financial year as there has been no payment; and
• there must be an accrual of finance charges because the lease has been in existence for 10 months.
1/3/20X5 Debit Credit
Asset: cost 200 000
Liability: finance lease 200 000
Capitalisation of leased asset and raising of corresponding liability
31/12/20X5
Depreciation 41 667
Asset: accumulated depreciation 41 667
Depreciation charged over 4 years {(200 000/4yrs)x10/12months}
Finance charges 26 667
Expenses payable (current liability) 26 667
Raising of the finance charges for 20X5 (W1) (32 000 (W1) x 10/12months)
Liability: finance lease 39 475
Current liability: Finance lease 39 475
Transfer of current portion of liability(W1)
Deferred tax (SOFP) 20 500
Taxation (SOCI deferred tax) 20 500
Raising a deferred tax asset (see working 2 and 3)
• Liability: 200 000 (present value of future payments) + 32 000 x 10/12 (interest payable) – 0
(capital repayment) = 226 667
Balance at 31/12/20X4:
• Nil: the lease was not in existence at the end of 20X4.
Working 3: Deferred tax calculation
Capitalised finance lease
Carrying
amount
Tax
base
Temporary
difference
Deferred
tax
Balance: 1/1/20X5 0 0 0 0
Asset: 0 0 0 0
Liability: 0 0 0 0
Adjustment Balancing: 0 – 20 500
(dr deferred tax, cr tax expense)20 500
Balance: 31/12/20X5 (68 334) 0 68 334 20 500 A
Asset: W2 158 333 0 (158 333) (47 500) L
Liability: W2 (226 667) 0 226 667 68 000 A
4.4 Disclosure of a finance lease (IAS 17.31)
Lessees shall make the following disclosures for its finance leases:• for each class of asset, the net carrying amount at the end of the reporting period;• a reconciliation between the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the
reporting, and their present value. In addition, an entity shall disclose the total of future
minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, and their present value, foreach of the following periods: _ not later than one year; _ later than one year and not later than five years; and _ later than five years;
• contingent rents recognised as an expense in the period;• the total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-
cancellable subleases at the end of the reporting period;• a general description of the lessee’s material leasing arrangements including, but not
limited to, the following: _ the basis on which contingent rent payable is determined; _ the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and _ restrictions imposed by lease arrangements, such as those concerning dividends,
Accumulated depreciation and impairment losses: 1 January 20X5 (X) (X)
Depreciation (X) (X)
Additions
Other X X
Net carrying amount: 31 December 20X5 X X
Gross carrying amount: 31 December 20X5 X X
Accumulated depreciation and impairment losses: 31 December 20X5 (X) (X)
5. Interest-bearing lease liabilities
Capitalised finance lease liability X X
Less: current portion (X) (X)
Non-current portion X X
The liabilities bear interest at 10% per annum and are repayable in 4 remaining equal arrear
instalments of C …., each payable on 31 December.
Reconciliation of the total future minimum lease payments to their total present value Minimum lease
payment
Finance charges
(balancing
figures)
Present value
of each payment
Due within 1 year X X X
Due between 1 and 5 years X X X
Due later than 5 years X X X
Total X X X
Ownership of all of the company’s finance leased assets pass to the company upon expiry of the
lease, except for the item of plant.
There is an option to renew the lease over the plant, once the current lease term expires.
The lease arrangements require that current liabilities do not exceed 125% of current assets.Happy Limited signed a non-cancellable sub-lease agreement under which, as at reporting date, it
still expects to receive CXXX in total future minimum payments.
5. Operating leases (IAS 17.33 - .35)
5.1 Recognition and measurement (IAS 17.33 - .34)
Operating leases are generally simpler than finance leases. The instalments are recognised asa rent expense. Although the instalment amounts may vary, the rent expense (recognised inthe statement of comprehensive income) must reflect the pattern of use of the leased asset.Generally speaking, this will be the length of the lease period. The amount to be expensed
will therefore be calculated by dividing the total of all the lease payments by the number of accounting periods in the lease period, regardless of how the payments are structured.
Where the instalments paid during an accounting period differ from the amount that must becharged to the statement of comprehensive income, an accrual or prepayment adjustment willhave to be made.
This is best illustrated with an example.
Example 6: basic operating lease
A lease is entered into on 1 January 20X1 for a period of 24 months. Payments are structuredas follows: The first 12 instalments will be C2 000 per month and the next 12 instalments willbe C3 000 per month.
Required:Determine, and journalise, the amount of the operating lease expense to be presented in thestatement of comprehensive income, including the resulting accrual or prepayment for the
years ended 31 December 20X1 and 20X2. Ignore tax.
Solution to example 6: basic operating lease
The total of all the payments amounts to C60 000 (C2 000 x 12 months + C3 000 x 12 months). If the
asset is to be used equally in each of the two years, the expense will be C2 500 per month (C60 000 /
24 months) or C30 000 per year (C2 500 x 12 months).
20X1 Debit Credit
Operating lease rent (expense) 2 500 x 12 30 000
Lease rent payable (liability) balancing 6 000
Bank 2 000 x 12 24 000
Lease payment: raising the lease expense and the subsequent accrual
20X2Operating lease rent (expense) 2 500 x 12 30 000
Lease rent payable balancing 6 000
Bank 3 000 x 12 36 000
Lease payment: raising the lease expense and reversing the prior
year’s accrual
5.2 Tax implications
Since only the amount paid is deductible for tax purposes, this accrual or prepayment willalso constitute a temporary difference. This must be multiplied by the tax rate to arrive at thedeferred tax adjustment in the statement of comprehensive income.
Example 7: deferred tax on an operating lease
Assume the facts from example 6 apply.The tax rate is 30%.
Required:Journalise the tax implications of the above.
Solution to example 7: deferred tax on an operating lease
20X1 Debit Credit
Deferred tax (SOFP) 1 800
Tax (SOCI deferred tax) 1 800 Raising a deferred tax asset (see working 1)
The disclosure of operating leases is far less complicated than that of finance leases. Lesseesshall make the following disclosures for operating leases (IAS 17.35):• the total of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases for
each of the following periods:• not later than one year;• later than one year and not later than five years; and• later than five years;
• the total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the end of the reporting period;
• lease and sublease payments recognised as an expense in the period, with separate
amounts for minimum lease payments, contingent rents, and sublease payments;• a general description of the lessee’s significant leasing arrangements including, but notlimited to, the following:• the basis on which any contingent rent payable is determined;• the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and• restrictions imposed by lease arrangements, such as those concerning dividends,
Payments made in respect of operating leases are deducted (as an expense) in the calculation
of net profit/loss for the year, on the straight-line basis over the lease term period.
3. Profit before tax
20X5 20X4
Profit before tax includes the following disclosable items: C C
Operating lease expense payments include:
• Machine X X
• Equipment X X
4. Operating lease
Sad Limited has entered into two operating leases: machine and equipment. Neither lease isrenewable, whilst both items remain with the lessor throughout the lease term and upon its
expiration.
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases:
Minimum Lease Payment
20X5 20X4
Due within 1 year X X
Due between 1 and 5 years X X
Due later than 5 years X X
Total X X
6. Sale And leaseback (IAS 17.58 - .66)
6.1 Overview
A sale and leaseback involves an entity selling an asset to raise cash, then subsequentlyleasing back that same asset. The seller in a sale and leaseback agreement is thus also thelessee.
1) Seller Purchaser
2) Lessee Lessor
1) Firstly, the seller sells the asset to a purchaser2) The purchaser (now a lessor) then leases the same asset back to the seller (now a lessee).
As with conventional lease agreements, it is important to identify the substance of a sale andlease back when classifying the lease as either a finance lease or an operating lease.
6.2 Sale and finance leaseback (IAS 17.59 - .60)
The subsequent leaseback constitutes a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risksand rewards associated with ownership from the lessor to the lessee. In substance, the assetwill have been sold and subsequently repurchased by the lessee. Deferred profit is recordedshould the asset originally be sold (i.e. transaction 1 above) at a price above its carrying
amount on selling date. This deferred profit is then amortised over the lease term (IAS 17.59).
Ultimately, from the seller/lessee’s point of view, a sale and finance leaseback will result inthe derecognition of the asset. The subsequent “repurchase” is then accounted for in the samemanner as any other finance lease (i.e. the asset and corresponding finance lease liability isrecognised). The only difference is that the deferred profit is raised and amortised over thelease term.
This is best illustrated with an example.
Example 8: basic sale and finance leaseback
Frown Limited entered into a sale and finance leaseback with Smile Limited over a machineon 1 January 20X5. On this date the machine had a carrying amount (in Frown Limited’sbooks) of C100 000, whilst the original cost was C150 000. Frown Limited depreciates themachine over 15 years.
Frown Limited sold its machine for C150 000 to Smile Limited and then leased it back fromSmile Limited. Terms of the lease agreement are as follows:• Lease term: 5 years;• Lease payments: C30 000 per annum in arrears and a lumpsum of C58 424 on
31 December 20X9;• Ownership of the machine will be transferred back to Frown Limited on
31 December 20X9; and• The interest rate inherent in the lease is 10%.
Required:A. Prepare the 20X5 and 20X9 journal entries of Frown Limited for the sale and leaseback
of the machine. Ignore tax.B. Prepare the statement of financial position and related notes for the year ended
31 December 20X5. The accounting policy note is not required.
Solution to example 8A: sale and finance leaseback: journals
1/1/20X5 Debit Credit
Bank 150 000
Machine: cost (this is the original cost of acquisition) 150 000
Machine: accumulated depreciation 50 000
Deferred profit 50 000
Sale of machine
Machine: cost (this is the new cost) 150 000
Liability: finance lease 150 000
Capitalisation of leased asset and raising of corresponding liability
5. Interest-bearing non-current liabilities continued …
Reconciliation of the future minimum lease payments to their present values
At 31 December 20X5: Minimum Lease
Payment
Finance Charges
(MLP - PV)
Present Value
Due within 1 year 30 000 (a) 2 727 27 273 (d)
Due between 1 and 5 years 148 424 (b) 40 696 107 728 (d)
Total 178 424 43 423 (c) 135 001
Calculations
(a) Payment due on 31/12/20X6: 30 000
(b) Payment due in 20X7; 20X8 and 20X9: (30 000 x 3 years) + 58 424 = 148 424
(c) Notice that this = 13 500 + 11 850 + 10 035 + 8 039 = 43 424 (per W1: the total of
the future interest as at 31 December 20X5)(d) The present values can be calculated as follows:
Due dates PVF: 10% Payments Present values
31/12/20X6 0.909091 30 000 27 273
31/12/20X7 0.826446 30 000 24 793
31/12/20X8 0.751315 30 000 22 540 107 728
31/12/20X9 0.683013 88 424 (e) 60 395
135 001
(e) 30 000 + 58 424 = 88 424
Working 1: effective interest rate table
Liability
Date Interest (10%) Instalment Capital repaid Balance
1/1/20X5 150 000
31/12/20X5 15 000 (30 000) 15 000 135 000
31/12/20X6 13 500 (30 000) 16 500 118 500
31/12/20X7 11 850 (30 000) 18 150 100 350
31/12/20X8 10 035 (30 000) 19 965 80 385
31/12/20X9 8 039 (30 000) 21 961 58 424
(58 424) 58 424 0
58 424 (208 424) 150 000
6.3 Sale and operating leaseback (IAS 17.61 - .63)
The subsequent leaseback will constitute an operating lease if it does not transfer substantiallyall the risks and rewards associated with ownership from the lessor to the lessee. Therefore, insubstance the asset has been sold, but is then subsequently leased back by the lessee.
The following happens in the books of the lessee:• the asset is removed from the statement of financial position, and• an operating lease expense is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.
In accordance with IAS 17, paragraph 61 provides the following guidelines for recording a
Any profit or loss (SP – CA) is recognised immediately.
FV/ SP
Profit or loss
CA
• If the selling price is less than the fair value (SP<FV)
Any profit or loss (SP – CA) is recognised immediately, unless there is a loss that iscompensated for by less than market-related future lease payments, in which case the loss(FV – SP) must be deferred and amortised in proportion to the lease payments over theperiod in which the asset is expected to be used:
• this deferred loss is calculated by deducting the selling price from the fair value.• the profit (or loss) on disposal is still recorded, but is calculated as the fair value (not
selling price) less the carrying amount.
FV
Deferred loss
Profit or loss SP
CA
• If the selling price is greater than the fair value (SP>FV)
The true profit or loss is recognised immediately, whereas the excess over the fair value isdeferred and amortised over the period in which the asset is expected to be used. This isregardless of the fact that the future lease rentals may not have been adjusted to begreater than market-related :
• the deferred profit is calculated by deducting fair value from the selling price• the profit (or loss) on disposal is still recorded, but is calculated as the fair value (not
SP less CA No deferred profit/lossSP<FV, no compensated
adjustment
SP<FV , with
compensated adjustment
FV less CA Deferred loss:
FV less SP
SP>FV , with or without
compensated adjustment
FV less CA Deferred profit:
SP less FV
This is best illustrated with an example.
Example 9: basic sale and operating leaseback
On 2/1/20X4, Yebo Limited entered into a sale and operating leaseback with anothercompany for a delivery van. The original cost of the delivery van was C1 000 000, and itscarrying amount, as at 2/1/20X4, is C500 000.
The market prices in respect of a sale and leaseback arrangement are:• Fair selling price C800 000
• Fair annual lease payment: C70 000
• Lease term: 5 years
The sale and (operating) leaseback agreement include the following:Sale price Annual lease payments
• Scenario 1 C900 000 C 70 000
• Scenario 2 C600 000 C 70 000
• Scenario 3 C900 00 C 90 000
• Scenario 4 C600 000 C 10 000
Required:Prepare the journal entries of Yebo Limited for the year-ended 31/12/20X4, to account for thedifferent scenarios of the sale and leaseback. Ignore tax
Solution to example 9: basic sale and operating leaseback
Scenario 1: SP>FV; non-compensating
1/1/20X4 Debit Credit
Bank 900 000Property, plant and equipment (carrying amount) 500 000
Profit on disposal (FV less CA: 800 000 – 500 000) 300 000
Amortisation of deferred profit: (100 000/5 lease years)
Scenario 4: SP<FV; compensating
1/1/20X4 Debit Credit
Bank 600 000
Property, plant and equipment 500 000
Profit on disposal (FV less CA: 800 000 – 500 000) 300 000
Deferred loss (FV less SP: 600 000 – 800 000) 200 000
Sale of machine
31/12/20X4
Operating lease expense 10 000
Bank 10 000
Payment of lease expense
Deferred loss amortised (expense) 40 000
Deferred loss 40 000
Amortisation of deferred loss: (200 000/5 lease years)
6.3.1 Tax implications: sale and operating leaseback
Assuming that the tax authorities recognise both the sale and the lease:• taxable income may include a profit or loss on sale (perhaps even a capital gain); and• the deductions from taxable income would include the lease instalments.
The above treatment is similar to the accounting treatment (we recognise a sale and the lease
instalments are recognised as an expense), but temporary differences may arise on:• the deferral of any profit or loss will lead to specific temporary differences;
• differences between the lease payment allowed as a deduction and the lease expense (e.g.instalments paid versus instalments accrued and reclaimable transaction taxes).
7. Transaction taxes (e.g. VAT)
7.1 Finance lease
The existence of a transaction tax (e.g. VAT) in a finance lease has certain accountingimplications:• the leased asset is capitalised at its cost, (which is exclusive of VAT if it can be claimed
back, or inclusive of VAT if not reclaimable).• the lease liability will include VAT.
Most tax authorities treat the finance lease as an operating lease, in which case:• the tax base of the asset is zero (the tax authorities would allow deductions of the lease
rentals rather than allowances on an asset).• the tax base of the liability represents the VAT portion (i.e. liability x 14/114):
The tax base of a liability is defined as the carrying amount of the liability less anyamount that will be deductible for tax purposes in the future. In other words, the tax baseof the liability is the portion that won’t be deductible.
Since the tax authorities allow the deduction of the instalments excluding VAT (if theVAT is re-claimable), the tax base equals the portion of the liability representing VAT.On transaction date, the tax base represents the entire VAT portion.
The VAT tax base gradually decreases to nil over the lease period, in proportion to thepayments paid (i.e. notional VAT):the part of the payment allowed as a deduction by the tax authority is calculated as:
Payment – (Total VAT x Payment / Total payments)the tax base is calculated as follows:
Total VAT x Remaining payments / Total payments
Example 10: simple finance lease with VAT
The cash cost of an asset is C57 000 (including VAT). The lease agreement is for 4 years, andrequires annual arrear lease payments of C17 982. The lease is a finance lease.
Required:A. Journalise the initial capitalisation of the leased asset and lease liability.B. Calculate the lease liability’s tax base for each year of the lease term.
Solution to example 10A: simple finance lease with VAT – journals
Journal: Debit Credit
Year 1
Asset 57 000 X 100/114 (cash cost – VAT) 50 000
VAT account (input VAT) 7 000
Liability: finance lease (cash cost including VAT) 57 000
Raising of the asset and VAT input amount, as well as liability
Solution to example 10B: simple finance lease with VAT – tax base
Comment: the liability tax base is: (Total instalments still to be paid / total instalments) x VAT
Calculation of the lease liability’s tax base C
Beginning of year 1 57 000 * 14/114 7 000
Movement (1 750)End of year 1 [(17 982 x 3 years) / (17 982 x 4 years)] x 7 000 5 250
Movement (1 750)
End of year 2 [(17 982 x 2 years) / (17 982 x 4 years)] x 7 000 3 500
Movement (1 750)
End of year 3 [(17 982 x 1 years) / (17 982 x 4 years)] x 7 000 1 750
Movement (1 750)
End of year 4 [(17 982 x 0 years) / (17 982 x 4 years)] x 7 000 0
Example 11: finance lease with tax and VAT
The following are the details of a finance lease agreement over a machine (entered into on
1 January 20X1) leased by V Limited:
Finance charges Payments Liability
1 Jan 20X1 at 10% 114 000
31 Dec 20X1 11 400 (35 964) 89 436
31 Dec 20X2 8 944 (35 964) 62 416
31 Dec 20X3 6 242 (35 964) 32 693
31 Dec 20X4 3 269 (35 964) 0
(143 856)
The 114 000 in the table above includes VAT at 14%.The profit before tax is C200 000 after taking into account the finance lease.V Limited depreciates the machine over the lease term to a nil residual value.
V Limited has a 31 December year end.The tax rate is 30%.
Required:Prepare the current tax, and deferred tax workings for V Limited, the lessee, for all 4 years.
Solution to example 11: finance lease with tax and VAT
The existence of VAT in an operating lease is not as complex as in a finance lease. One hasto remember that the operating lease expense must be recorded net of VAT. Simply put, thepayment (by the lessee) covers both the operating lease expense portion and the VAT outputportion. Therefore, the payment needs to be broken down into the two elements.
This is best illustrated with an example.
Example 12: operating lease with tax and VAT
Abbey Limited entered into a 2-year operating lease at the beginning of the year, over a pieceof furniture (where Abbey Limited is the lessee).Both Abbey Limited and the lessor are registered VAT vendors.The following is the lease payment schedule from the lease agreement:
Year 1 C5 700
Year 2 C17 100
The agreement’s figures are inclusive of VAT.The tax rate is 30%.
Required:Prepare the journal entries for Abbey Limited for both years of the operating lease agreement.