chapter 13 Financial Derivatives
Dec 26, 2015
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Spot, Forward, and Futures Contracts
• A spot contract is an agreement (at time 0) when the seller agrees to deliver an asset and the buyer agrees to pay for the asset immediately (now)
• A forward contract is an agreement (at time 0) between a buyer and a seller that an asset will be exchanged for cash at some later date at a price agreed upon now
• A futures contract is similar to a forward contract and is normally arranged through an organized exchange
The main difference between a futures and a forward contract is that the price of a forward contract is fixed over the life of the contract, whereas futures contracts are marked-to-market daily
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Interest-Rate Forward Markets
Long position = agree to buy securities at future date
Hedges by locking in future interest rate if funds coming in future
Short position = agree to sell securities at future date
Hedges by reducing price risk from change in interest rates if holding bonds
Pros
1. Flexible
Cons
1. Lack of liquidity: hard to find counterparty
2. Subject to default risk: requires information to screen good from bad risk
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Financial Futures Markets
Financial futures are classified as • Interest-rate futures • Stock index futures, and • Currency futures
In Canada, financial futures are traded in • Montreal Exchange (which maintains active markets
in short-term and long-term Canadian government bond futures), and
• Toronto Futures Exchange (which maintains active markets in the Toronto 35 and Toronto 100 stock indexes futures)
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Interest Rate Futures Markets
Interest Rate Futures Contract1. Specifies delivery of type of security at future date2. Arbitrage at expiration date, price of contract = price of the
underlying asset delivered3. i , long contract has loss, short contract has profit4. Hedging similar to forwards
Micro vs. macro hedge
Traded on Exchanges: Global competition
Success of Futures Over Forwards1. Futures more liquid: standardized, can be traded again, delivery of
range of securities2. Delivery of range of securities prevents corner3. Mark to market: avoids default risk4. Don’t have to deliver: netting
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Currency FuturesHedging FX Risk
Example: Customer due 20 million DM in two months, current DM = $0.50
1. Forward agreeing to sell DM 20 million for $10 million, two months in future
2. Sell DM 20 million of futures
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Options
Options Contract
Right to buy (call option) or sell (put option) instrument at exercise (strike) price up until expiration date (American) or on expiration date (European)
Hedging with Options
Buy same # of put option contracts as would sell of futures
Disadvantage: pay premium
Advantage: protected if i , gain if i Additional advantage if macro hedge: avoids accounting
problems, no losses on option when i
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Profits and Losses: Options vs. Futures$100,000 T-bond contract,
1. Exercise price of 115, $115,000.
2. Premium = $2,000
Figure 13-1
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Factors Affecting Premium
1. Higher strike price lower premium on call options and higher premium on put options
2. Greater term to expiration higher premiums for both call and put options
3. Greater price volatility of underlying instrument higher premiums for both call and put options
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Hedging with Interest Rate Swaps
Reduce interest-rate risk for both parties1. Midwest converts $1m of fixed rate assets to rate-sensitive
assets, RSA , lowers GAP2. Friendly Finance RSA , lowers GAP
Advantages of swaps1. Reduce risk, no change in balance-sheet2. Longer term than futures or options
Disadvantages of swaps1. Lack of liquidity2. Subject to default risk
Financial intermediaries help reduce disadvantages of swaps