Chapter 13

Chapter 13• European Middle Ages

Section 1: Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Middle ages

AKA medieval period 500 to 1500

Invasions of Western Europe

Germanic invaders took over the western half of the Roman Empire

Changes:1. Disruption of Trade

• Invasions, businesses collapse, money scarce

2. Downfall of Cities3. Population Shifts

• Government collapsed, nobles and city dwellers went to rural areas

The Decline of Learning

Germanic invaders couldn’t read or write Church officials were literate

Loss of Common Language German speaking

people mixed with Roman people, Latin changed

Still official language, but not understood

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Small Germanic kingdoms replaced

Roman provinces Church survives Rome's fall

Provided order and security

The Concept of Government Changes Rome vs. German

In Rome, loyalty to government and written law unified Roman society

Family ties, personal loyalty unified German society German chiefs had warriors pledge to them

Soldiers felt no loyalty to kings they didn’t know

Personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly government for large territories

Clovis Rules the Franks

Franks controlled GaulClovis was the

leaderBrought

Christianity to the region• Discuss how

Clovis’s Frankish kingdom and the Church began a strong partnership.

Germans Adopt Christianity 3 Causes of the

spread of Christianity

1. Politics• Frankish

rulers and the church converted many

2. Missionaries 3. Fear

• Coastal attacks by Muslims

Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts

To adapt to rural conditions Monasteries built

• Places where monks lived

Convents built• Nuns lived

Benedict and Scholastica wrote rules for monks and nuns (Discuss their lives)

Monasteries became best-education communities

Papal Power Expands Under Gregory 590, Gregory I

becomes Pope Also called Gregory

the Great Broadened papacy; it

become secular Now not just a spiritual

role but a political one too Discuss what he did

An Empire Evolves After the Roman Empire, small

kingdoms were all over Europe

Charles Martel Emerges• Major Domo (mayor of the palace)

– Most powerful person in the Frankish kingdom

Charles Martel Emerges Cont.d’

• 719: Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)

• Extended Franks reign

• Defeated Muslim raiders

• Pepin the Short• Wanted to be king• Working with the

pope he fought the Lombard's

• Pope anointed him “king by the grace of God”

• Carolingian Dynasty begins

• Ruled Franks from 751-987

Charlemagne Becomes Emperor

After Pepin’s death, kingdom went to his two sons

1. Carloman2. Charles, also known

as Charlemagne Charles the Great

Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule

Largest empire since Rome built Brought

Christianity to newly conquered areas

Reunited western Europe

Charlemagne went to Rome to defeat a group that attacked the pope

Pope Leo III crowns him emperor

Signal of Germanic power, Church and heritage of the Roman Empire

Charlemagne Leads a Revival

How did he control his empire?1. Limited authority of

the nobles2. Royal agents sent out

to spy on the counts3. Personally visited all

regions of the empire4. Watched the

management of his huge estates

Promoted Learning

Charlemagne’s Heirs

Charlemagne, a year before his death crowned his son, Louis the Pious, emperor

When Louis died his three sons fought for control

1. Lothair2. Charles the Bald3. Louis the German Treaty of Verdun

established Divided empire into

three parts

in Europe

Section 2• Def: Political

system • Nobles granted

use of land that belonged to king

• Nobles gave loyalty and military services

Invaders Attack Western Europe Muslims

Sicily Italy Rome

Magyar East

Vikings North

The Vikings Invade From the North Came from Scandinavia Also called what?

Northmen or Norsemen Worshiped warlike gods Took pride in nicknames, like what?

Eric Bloodaxe and Thor Skullsplitter

The Vikings Invade From the North Continued Leif Ericson

North America What do these two

things have in common?

Fewer Vikings Why?

Accepted Christianity

Warming trend

Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Magyars

Hungary Didn’t settle land What did they do?

Took captives, sold as slaves Muslims

North Africa In the 600’s they wanted to settle In the 800’s what did they want to do?

Plunder

Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Cont.d’

Constant danger Kings couldn’t protect Local rulers looked to for security

Feudalism Structures Society Based on rights and obligations Discuss how these terms are related

Lord Fief vassal

A New Social Order: Feudalism Rollo (Viking) Charles the Simple (king of France) met What was the agreement?

The Feudal Pyramid

Social Classes are Well Defined Inherited

Fighters Prayers Workers

Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism

Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism Continued Manor…another name?

Read page 360 for job descriptions

A Self-Contained WorldThis simplified depiction lays out the basic elements of a manor and its village. Location along a river was vital not only for water and waste disposal, but to run the mill wheel that drove the round millstones that ground the grain into flour. This view indicates that the peasants used three-field cropping, by which the land is divided in thirds, leaving one third unused, or fallow, each year to allow it to revitalize itself. This technique took a much lighter toll on the land and meant that it could be reused for centuries.

Why is it called this?

The Harshness of Manor Life Taxes

Tithe Living Conditions Life expectancies

The Age of Chivalry

SECTION 3 Nobles fought

each other Code of

behavior began

Knights: Warriors on HorsebackOccurred with

Charles Martel

The Technology of Warfare ChangesLeather saddles

and stirrups

The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society Knights rewarded

with fiefs Knight’s obligated

to serve in battle

Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry Defense of three

masters

A Knight’s Training Page Squire Knight

Travel for a year Joined

tournaments

Brutal Reality of Warfare Tournaments not

as bloody as real war

Look at page 366

The Literature of ChivalryCastle life idealized

Epic PoetryKing Arthur and Charlemagne legendary heroes

The Song of Roland one of the earliest

Love Poems and Songs Troubadours traveled

the countryside Code of chivalry

promoted a false image of knight Eleanor of Aquitaine

Mother of Richard the Lion-hearted and John

Women’s Role in Feudal Society(Powerless and seen as inferior) Noblewomen

Could Inherit estate from

husband, but most passed down to sons

Send knights to war

Act as military commander and warrior

Defend castles Lives limited

Peasant Women Life unchanged Their work was

essential to the household