Chapter 13

1Copyright © 2002 by Thomson Learning,Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13

Financial Statement Analysis


Stockholders

Financial Statement Analysis

Creditors

Management

Will I be paid?

How good is our investment? How are we

performing?


LIFO FIFO

Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis

Use of different accounting methods Changes in accounting methods



Failure to understand trends or use industry ratios

Difficulty of making industry comparisons (i.e. conglomerates)????



Nonoperating items on income statement

Effects of inflation

=


Horizontal Analysis

Net SalesEarnings before factory sale Net earningsDividends paid

Increase (Decrease) 1999 1998 Dollars Percent

$2,062 $2,005 $57 2.8 % 308 298 10 3.3

308 305 3 1.0 154 151 3 2.0

Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (in millions)


Trend Analysis

Return onAvg. Equity

1999 1998 1997 19961995

26.8% 28.4% 28.9% 27.2%30.1%

Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company

Tracking items over a series of years


Vertical Analysis

Common-size statements recast items as a percentage of a selected item

Allows comparisons of companies of different size

Compares percentages across years to identify trends

%

%

%


Dollars Percent$60,000 100% 24,000 40 36,000 60 6,000 10 30,000 50 3,000 5 27,000 45 10,000 17$ 17,000 28%

Common-Size Statements

Sales revenueCost of goods sold Gross profitSelling & admin. exp. Operating incomeInterest expense Income before taxIncome tax expense Net income


Analysis of Liquidity

Nearness to cash Ability to pay debts as they become due

Cash Ratios

TurnoverRatios

WorkingCapitalRatios


Working Capital

Excess of current assets over current liabilities

Lacks meaningful comparisons for companies of different size

-


Current Ratio

Measure of short-term financial health Consider composition of current assets

Rule of thumb2:1


Acid-Test (Quick) Ratio

Stricter test of ability to pay debts Excludes inventories and prepaid assets

Quick AssetsCurrent Liabilities


Cash Flow from Operations to Current Liabilities

Focuses on cash only Covers period of time

Net Cash Provided by Operating ActivitiesAverage Current Liabilities

A

FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICATHE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

L70744629F

12

1212

12

L70744629F

ONE DOLLARONE DOLLAR

WASHINGTON, D.C.

THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER

FOR ALL DEBTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

SERIES

1985

H 293


Accounts Receivable Turnover

Net Credit Sales

Average Accounts Receivable

Indicates how quickly a company is collecting (i.e.

turning over) its receivables


Accounts Receivable Turnover

Too fast

credit policies too stringent; may be losing sales

Too slow

credit department not operating effectively; possible quality problems


Days’ Sales in Receivables

Represents the average # of days accounts are outstanding

360 DaysAccts. Receivable Turnover

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 28 29 30 3127


Days’ Sales in Receivables

If this company’s credit terms are net 30, what would this tell you about the efficiency

of the collection process?

360 Days5.6 Times

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 28 29 30 3127

= 64 days

Example:


Inventory Turnover

Represents the number of times per period inventory is turned

over (i.e. sold).

Cost of Goods SoldAverage Inventory


Inventory Turnover

Circuit City 6.1 times per yearSafeway 9.5 times per year

Can you compare the two ratios?


# of Days’ Sales in Inventory

Represents the average # of days inventory is on hand before its sold

# of Days in PeriodInventory Turnover Ratio

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 28 29 30 3127


# of Days’ Sales in Inventory

Circuit City 59 days

Safeway 38 days

Do these averages seem reasonable?

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 28 29 30 3127


Cash Operating Cycle

Time between purchase of merchandise and collection from the sale

# of days sales in receivables +

# of days sales in inventory


Analysis of Solvency

Ability to stay in business over the long-term

Debt-to-EquityRatio

DebtService

Coverage

TimesInterestEarned

Cash Flowto Capital

Expenditures


Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Total liabilitiesTotal Stockholders’ Equity

How much have creditors

contributed compared to

owners?


Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Total liabilitiesTotal Stockholders’ Equity = .60

For every dollar contributed by

owners, creditors have loaned $.60


Times Interest Earned Ratio

Measures ability to meet current interest payments

The greater the coverage the better

Net Income + Interest Expense + Income Tax ExpenseInterest Expense


Debt Service Coverage Ratio

Measures amount of cash from operations available to service the debt

Cash Flow from Operations before Interest & TaxesInterest and Principal Payments

P + i


Cash Flow from Operations to Capital Expenditures Ratio

Measures company’s ability to use operations (vs. creditors and owners) to finance acquisitions of productive assets

Cash Flow from Operations - DividendsCash Paid for Capital Acquisitions


Analysis of Profitability

Rate of Return on Assets Return on Common S/E EPS P/E Ratio Dividend Ratios


Rate of Return on Assets

Measures return to all providers of capital (creditors and owners)

Net Income + Interest Expense, net of taxAverage Total Assets


Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity

Net Income - Preferred DividendsAverage Common Stockholders’ Equity

The owners earned 15%on their investment

in ABC Co... Not bad!


Earnings per Share

Presents profits on a per-share basis

Net Income - Preferred DividendsWtd. # of Common Shares Outstanding

Certificate of Stock


Price/Earnings Ratio

Relates earnings to the market price of the stock

Current Market PriceEarnings per Share

very high P/Every low P/E

possibly overvaluedpossibly undervalued


Price/Earnings Ratio

Both companies have earnings of $2 per share. So why the different P/E

ratios?

P/E Ratios

Co. A = 6 to 1Co. B = 8 to 1


Dividend Payout Ratio

Common Dividends per ShareEarnings per Share

We need to decide what % of the firm’s income we can return to

owners.


Dividend Yield Ratio

Investors willing to forgo dividends in lieu of price appreciation

Common Dividends per ShareMarket Price per Share

usually < 5%=


End of Chapter 13

Chapter 13

Economy & Finance

days sales i

operating income

average inventory

analysis of liquidity

trend analysis return

expense income

days example

cashratios turnover