Chapter 13

13PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions: Risks and Responsibilities


Assessing Your Disease Risks

Risk factors you can’t control

• Heredity

• Aging

• Environmental Conditions

• Organism Resistance



Assessing Your Disease Risks

Risk factors you can control

• Stress

• Nutrition

• Physical activity

• Sleep

• Drug use

• Personal hygiene

• High risk behaviors


Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission

Transmission

• Direct contact

• Indirect contact

• Autoinoculate yourself

• Transmit from one part of body to another

• Animal-borne pathogens

• Interspecies transmission



Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well

Physical and chemical defenses

• Skin

• Enzymes

• Body temperature

• Linings of the body



The immune system

• Immunity

• Antigens

• Antibodies

• Immunoglobulins

• Humoral immune response

• Cell-mediated immunity

• Macrophages

• Lymphocytes



Autoimmune diseases

• Immune deficiency syndrome

• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Fever

• Rises in temperature can be harmful if extreme

• High temperatures can destroy some disease causing organisms

• Stimulates more white blood cell production



Pain

• Response to either direct or referred pain

• Most often accompanied by inflammation

Vaccines

• Vaccination and T- and B-cell memory

• Acquired immunity

• Natural immunity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.1

The Immune Response


Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, by Vaccine and Age Group


Living with Allergies

Allergy-induced respiratory problems

• Antigen or allergen

• Production of antibodies

• Hypersensitive reaction

• Release of histamines


Steps of an Allergic Response



Bacteria

• Single-celled organisms

• Staphylococcal infections

• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

• Streptococcal infections

• Meningitis

• Pneumonia

• Tuberculosis (TB)


Examples of 4 Major Types of Pathogens



Viruses

• Smallest pathogens

• Protein structures

• Incubation periods

The common cold

Influenza

Infectious mononucleosis

Hepatitis: 3 types (HAV, HBV, HCV)

Measles


Is It an Allergy, a Cold, or the Flu?



Other pathogens

• Fungi

• Protozoa

• Parasitic worms

• Prions


Emerging and Resurgent Diseases

Tiny microbes

• Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis-BSE)

• West Nile Virus

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

• Avian Bird Flu (H5N1)

• Escherichia coli 0157:H7

• Bioterrorism


ABC News: Infectious Disease

Discussion Questions

• What is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic?

• What animals, other than birds, have been identified as having the “Bird flu?”

• What strategies have the Thailand Ministry of Public Health and the Centers for Disease Control designed to monitor the spread of the Bird Flu in Thailand?

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Video| Infectious Disease


Sexually Transmitted Infections

History

• Also called STDs, once called venereal diseases (VD)

• 20 known types of STIs

• In the U.S, 19 million new cases reported every year

Possible causes

• Moral and social stigma

• Casual attitude toward sex

• Ignorance about infections/symptoms



How STIs are transmitted

• Sexual intercourse

• Oral-genital contact

• Hand-genital contact

• Anal

• Mouth to mouth contact

• Contact with fluids from body sores


Signs or Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infection



Chlamydia

• 2.8 million infected annually in the U.S.

• Over 10 % college students

• Many display no symptoms

• Secondary damage can lead to sterility

• Conjunctivitis



Gonorrhea

• One of the most common STIs in the U.S.

• CDC estimates over 700,000 cases per year

• Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Early treatment: antibiotics

• Complications with non-treatment

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

• Describes a number of infections of the uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries

• Can result from untreated infections



Syphilis

• Caused by a bacterial organism

• Spirochete known as Treponema pallidum

• Stages: primary, secondary, latent, late

• Treatment: antibiotics



Herpes

• Herpes simplex type 1

• Herpes simplex type 2

• Especially serious in pregnant women – possible to transfer infection to baby during birth

• In women with herpes, greater risk for cervical cancer

Preventing herpes

• Awareness

• Extreme caution in casual sexual affairs

• Seek medical help



Genital warts (Human Papilloma Virus - HPV)

• Over 100 different types of HPV

• Infect over 6.2 million Americans each year

• Full-blown genital warts or flat warts

Health risks from genital warts

• Dysplasia – change in cells that may lead to a precancerous condition

Vaccine to prevent HPV



Candidiasis (moniliasis)

• Yeast-like fungus caused by Candida albicans

• Symptoms: severe itching, burning, swelling

• Vaginitis

Trichomoniasis

• Caused by a protozoan

• Half of American men and women carry this organism

• Many remain symptom-free



Pubic lice

• “Crabs”

• Eggs nest in clothing, furniture and linens

General urinary tract infections (UTIs)

• Sexual transmission

• Can also be caused by invading organisms in the genital area


HIV/AIDS

Facts

• Global health problem

• Since 1981, over 65 million people in the world have become infected with HIV

• 39.5 million living with HIV

A shifting epidemic

• Newly found indicator of virus: drop in CD4s, the master immune cell

• Improved reporting/accuracy


HIV/AIDS

How HIV is transmitted

• Engaging in high risk behaviors

• Exchange of body fluids

• Injecting drugs

• Receiving a blood transfusion prior to 1985

• Mother-to-infant transmission (perinatal)


HIV/AIDS

Women and AIDS

• Women represented 27% of newly reported AIDS cases in 2005

Special concerns for women with HIV/AIDS

• 4-10 times more likely than men to contract HIV through unprotected sexual intercourse

• Underrepresented in clinical trials for treatment and prevention

• Cultural barriers to decision-making


Sources of HIV Infection in Men and Women in the United States


HIV/AIDS

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

• Incubation time varies greatly

• For HIV positive adults with no medical treatment, AIDS will develop in 8-10 years

• Opportunistic infections


HIV/AIDS

Testing for HIV antibodies

• Blood test known as ELISA

• Western blot – follows 2 positive ELISA

• These tests detect antibodies

• Even with antibodies, not all develop AIDS

• A cure does NOT exist


HIV/AIDS

New hope and treatments

• New drugs slow progression of virus

• Medication currently very expensive and cause many side effects

• Protease inhibitors/reverse transcriptase

Preventing HIV infection

• No vaccine currently available

• Reduce risk by responsible choices and behaviors

• Abstinence or safe sexual practices


Noninfectious Diseases

More than just major ailments such as cancer and heart disease

• Most other chronic conditions can be prevented or symptoms alleviated

• Generally not transmitted by pathogen or personal contact

• Lifestyle and personal habits often underlying causes


Chronic Lung Diseases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

• Bronchitis

• Emphysema

• Asthma



Bronchitis

• Inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes

• Reduced air flow from the lungs/heavy mucous

• Acute bronchitis: symptoms improve in a few weeks

• Chronic bronchitis: last for at leas 3 months, serious form



Emphysema

• Gradual destruction of alveoli

• More and more difficult to exhale

• Victim struggles to take in air

• Chest cavity expands over time (barrel-chest)



Asthma

• Long-term chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks airflow to the lungs

• Air pollutants, particulates, smoke, allergens and stress can trigger an asthma attack

• Extrinsic (allergic asthma) or intrinsic (nonallergic)

• Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)

• Relief: relaxation techniques, medications



Sleep apnea

• Affects more than 18 million Americans

• Periodic episodes of breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer

• Causes restless sleep, high blood pressure, irregular heart beats, heart attack, stroke

• Common treatments: reduce alcohol use, losing weight, change sleeping position, medicinal interventions


Neurological Disorders

Headaches

• Tension headaches: muscular contraction headaches

• Treatments: relaxation, hot water, massage, pain medication

• Migraine headaches: severe debilitating symptoms

• Treatments: ergot drugs, other medications

• Cluster headaches: more rare forms; “killer” or “suicidal” pain

• Treatments: oxygen therapy, drugs, surgery



Seizure disorders

• Epilepsy

• 2 million people in the U.S. suffer some form of seizure-related disorder

• Two categories

• Partial

• Generalized

• About half are of unknown origin

• Promising treatments today



Parkinson’s Disease

• Chronic, slow neurological condition

• Over 1.5 million Americans suffer from it

• “Shaking palsy”, rigid or stiff muscles, poor balance, slurred speech

• Progressive and incurable

• New drug therapies to control symptoms / new surgical procedures show promise



Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

• Affects over 500,000 Americans

• Degenerative disease

• Nerve malfunctions from break down by myelin

• Typically appears between 15 and 50 years of age

• Cause: Inconclusive theories


Digestion-Related Disorders

Lactose intolerance

• No ability to produce digestive enzyme lactase

• Dietary treatment

Colitis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

• Ulcerative colitis

• Severe stomach cramps, weight loss, nausea, sweating, fever

• Treatment: Increase fiber intake, anti-inflammatory drugs, other medications


Musculoskeletal Diseases

Arthritis

• Strikes 1 in 5 Americans/ over 46 million

• Osteoarthritis (OA)

• Rheumatoid arthritis

Fibromyalgia

• Chronic joint pain, headaches, dizziness, numbness, etc.

• Array of symptoms

• Difficult to diagnose


Musculoskeletal Diseases

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE or Lupus)

• Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack kidneys, brain, heart

• 90% of all victims are female

Low back pain (LBP)

• 85% of Americans will experience LBP

• 90% of all back problems in lumbar region (lower)


Other Maladies

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

• Feeling tired all the time

• No viral cause found, possible psychosocial roots

Repetitive stress injuries (RSIs)

• 25% of work injuries

• High costs to employers in workers’ compensation and absenteeism

Chapter 13

Documents

transmitted infections

number of infections

untreated infections

contact contact

transmitted infection

disease control

immune response figure

disease risks risk factors