Chapter 12. The nation was growing in geographical extent and in size and diversity of the population. The economy was becoming more diverse and more.

Chapter 12Chapter 12

The nation was growing in geographical The nation was growing in geographical extent and in size and diversity of the extent and in size and diversity of the population. The economy was becoming population. The economy was becoming more diverse and more multi-more diverse and more multi-dimensioned. dimensioned.

Romanticism was in contrast to classic Romanticism was in contrast to classic Protestant assumptions of original sin, Protestant assumptions of original sin, which humans needed to overcome which humans needed to overcome through a disciplined virtuous life. through a disciplined virtuous life.

Antebellum Culture and ReformAntebellum Culture and Reform

The Romantic ImpulseThe Romantic Impulse

American intellectuals were American intellectuals were committing themselves to the committing themselves to the liberation of the human spiritliberation of the human spirit

American Painters sought to capture American Painters sought to capture the undiluted power of nature, they the undiluted power of nature, they painted some of the nation's wildest painted some of the nation's wildest and most spectacular areas, and and most spectacular areas, and tried to evoke the Sublime (a feeling tried to evoke the Sublime (a feeling of awe and wonderment)of awe and wonderment)


Hudson River School (Church, Cole, Hudson River School (Church, Cole, Doughty and Durand) painted vistas Doughty and Durand) painted vistas of the unsettled Hudson Valleyof the unsettled Hudson Valley

Sir Walter Scott was the most Sir Walter Scott was the most popular writer, British, historical popular writer, British, historical novelsnovels


James Fennimore Cooper was the James Fennimore Cooper was the first great American novelist (master first great American novelist (master of adventure and suspense) of adventure and suspense) Leatherstocking Tales, Last of the Leatherstocking Tales, Last of the Mohicans, The DeerslayerMohicans, The Deerslayer

Walt Whitman was the self- Walt Whitman was the self- proclaimed poet of American proclaimed poet of American democracy, preached liberation of democracy, preached liberation of the individualthe individual


Herman Melville: greatest American Herman Melville: greatest American novelist, wrote Moby Dicknovelist, wrote Moby Dick

Edgar Allen Poe: produced stories that Edgar Allen Poe: produced stories that were primarily sad and macabre, explored were primarily sad and macabre, explored deeper world of spirit and emotionsdeeper world of spirit and emotions

Southern Literature produced historical Southern Literature produced historical romances or romantic eulogies of the romances or romantic eulogies of the plantation system of the upper southplantation system of the upper south


Longstreet, Baldwin, Hooper focused not Longstreet, Baldwin, Hooper focused not on "cavalier image" but on backwoods on "cavalier image" but on backwoods farmers, poor whitesfarmers, poor whites

Transcendentalists argued against using Transcendentalists argued against using intellect in the narrow, artificial ways intellect in the narrow, artificial ways imposed by society, each individual should imposed by society, each individual should strive to transcend the limits of the strive to transcend the limits of the intellect and allow the emotions of the soul intellect and allow the emotions of the soul to create an original relation to the to create an original relation to the UniverseUniverse


Ralph Waldo Emerson from Ralph Waldo Emerson from Massachusetts was most renowned Massachusetts was most renowned for his essays and lecturesfor his essays and lectures

Henry David Thoreau repudiated the Henry David Thoreau repudiated the repressive forces of society, lived repressive forces of society, lived alone in the woods for 2 years, alone in the woods for 2 years, emphasized living simplyemphasized living simply


Brook Farm (Westbury Brook Farm (Westbury Massachusetts) established by Massachusetts) established by George Ripley, all residents would George Ripley, all residents would share equally in the labor of the share equally in the labor of the community, share too in the leisure, community, share too in the leisure, when a fire burned the central when a fire burned the central building the experiment dissolved in building the experiment dissolved in 18471847


Nathaniel Hawthorne expressed Nathaniel Hawthorne expressed disillusionment with the experiment, disillusionment with the experiment, Scarlet Letter, The House of Seven Scarlet Letter, The House of Seven Gables wrote about the price Gables wrote about the price individuals pay for cutting individuals pay for cutting themselves off from societythemselves off from society


New Harmony (Indiana) founded by Robert New Harmony (Indiana) founded by Robert Owen "Village of Cooperation", every Owen "Village of Cooperation", every resident worked and lived in total equality, resident worked and lived in total equality, economic failureeconomic failure


Margaret Fuller, leading Margaret Fuller, leading transcendentalist, suggested the transcendentalist, suggested the important relationship in discovery of important relationship in discovery of the self and questioning of gender the self and questioning of gender rolesroles

“I would have Woman lay aside all thought, such as she habitually cherishes, of being taught and led by men.”

Margaret Fuller


Oneida Community: established in Oneida Community: established in upstate New York by John Noyes, upstate New York by John Noyes, rejected traditional notions of family rejected traditional notions of family and marriage, children raised and marriage, children raised communallycommunally


Shakers were founded by Mother Shakers were founded by Mother Anee Lee, members of the Anee Lee, members of the congregation would shake congregation would shake themselves free of sin, commitment themselves free of sin, commitment to complete celibacy, all people had to complete celibacy, all people had to chose faith voluntarilyto chose faith voluntarily


Amana Community was founded by Amana Community was founded by German immigrants in Iowa, German immigrants in Iowa, attempted to realize Christian ideals attempted to realize Christian ideals by creating an ordered, socialist by creating an ordered, socialist societysociety


Mormons began in up state New York Mormons began in up state New York - moved to Navuoo, Illinois under - moved to Navuoo, Illinois under Joseph Smith who was attacked and Joseph Smith who was attacked and killed therekilled there

Brigham Young led the Mormons Brigham Young led the Mormons west and established a community in west and established a community in Salt Lake City, created a highly Salt Lake City, created a highly organized, centrally directed, almost organized, centrally directed, almost militarized social structuremilitarized social structure

Remaking SocietyRemaking Society

New reform movements began to New reform movements began to work on behalf of temperance, work on behalf of temperance, education, peace, care of the poor education, peace, care of the poor and handicapped, rights of womenand handicapped, rights of women


New Light Revivalists believed every New Light Revivalists believed every individual was capable of salvation, individual was capable of salvation, Charles Grandison Finny was the Charles Grandison Finny was the most influential revival leader, most influential revival leader, preached in the Burned Over District preached in the Burned Over District which was the Erie Canal area which which was the Erie Canal area which was prone to religious awakeningwas prone to religious awakening


Temperance Crusade claimed that alcoholism was Temperance Crusade claimed that alcoholism was responsible for crime, disorder and poverty, responsible for crime, disorder and poverty, American Society for the Promotion of American Society for the Promotion of Temperance used the techniques of revivalism in Temperance used the techniques of revivalism in preaching abstinencepreaching abstinence


Cholera Epidemics broke out in which Cholera Epidemics broke out in which thousands of people died, cities were thousands of people died, cities were pressured to establish health boardspressured to establish health boards

Sylvester Graham advocated eating Sylvester Graham advocated eating fruits, vegetables and bread instead fruits, vegetables and bread instead of meatof meat


Phrenology Phrenology argued that the argued that the shape of a shape of a persons skull was persons skull was an important an important indicator of his or indicator of his or her character her character and intelligenceand intelligence


Medical Profession had little prestige, Medical Profession had little prestige, career of a last resort, almost no one career of a last resort, almost no one had any idea how diseases were had any idea how diseases were transmitted, contagion was transmitted, contagion was eventually discoveredeventually discovered


During the 1830's interest in public During the 1830's interest in public education grew, Horace Mann education grew, Horace Mann reorganized the Massachusetts reorganized the Massachusetts school system, enriched curriculum, school system, enriched curriculum, new training for teachersnew training for teachers


By the 1850's the principle of tax-By the 1850's the principle of tax-supported elementary schools had supported elementary schools had been accepted in all the states, in been accepted in all the states, in the West many had no access to the West many had no access to schools, in the South blacks were schools, in the South blacks were barred from education, only about barred from education, only about 1/3 of children nationwide enrolled in 1/3 of children nationwide enrolled in schoolsschools


Benevolent Empire created new Benevolent Empire created new institutions to help the handicapped, institutions to help the handicapped, asylums were created for criminals asylums were created for criminals and the mentally ill, Dorothea Dix and the mentally ill, Dorothea Dix began a national movement for new began a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill. methods of treating the mentally ill.


Almshouses helped the poor who Almshouses helped the poor who could not work their way up in could not work their way up in society, Indian Reservations were society, Indian Reservations were created in order to protect them from created in order to protect them from whites and allowed them to developwhites and allowed them to develop


Women began to involve themselves Women began to involve themselves in reform movements, Grimke Sisters in reform movements, Grimke Sisters argued men and women were argued men and women were created equal, Quakerism embraced created equal, Quakerism embraced the idea of sexual equality, leading the idea of sexual equality, leading role in anti-slavery movementrole in anti-slavery movement


Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a convention in Stanton organized a convention in Seneca Falls to discuss the question Seneca Falls to discuss the question of women's rightsof women's rights

Remaking SocietyRemaking Society Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

stated all men and women where created stated all men and women where created equal, women have inalienable rights, equal, women have inalienable rights, demanded the right to votedemanded the right to vote

The Crusade Against SlaveryThe Crusade Against Slavery

American Colonization Society American Colonization Society proposed a gradual manumission of proposed a gradual manumission of slaves, masters receiving slaves, masters receiving compensation through funds compensation through funds collected and then would transport collected and then would transport freed slaves out of the country, freed slaves out of the country, established the nation of Liberia established the nation of Liberia (capital Monrovia after the president)(capital Monrovia after the president)


Response of African Americans was Response of African Americans was that they did not want to be shipped that they did not want to be shipped to Africa, colonization was not a to Africa, colonization was not a viable method of attacking the viable method of attacking the institution of slaveryinstitution of slavery


William Lloyd Garrison founded the William Lloyd Garrison founded the Liberator, demanded immediate Liberator, demanded immediate universal abolition of slavery, leader universal abolition of slavery, leader of the New England Antislavery of the New England Antislavery Society and the American Antislavery Society and the American Antislavery Society Society


Free Blacks in many instances lived in Free Blacks in many instances lived in conditions worse then those of slaves, conditions worse then those of slaves, victimized by mob violence, no access to victimized by mob violence, no access to education, cold not vote, barred from most education, cold not vote, barred from most occupations - worked as domestic servants occupations - worked as domestic servants or sailorsor sailors

David Walker was a free black from David Walker was a free black from Boston, violent abolitionist, declared Boston, violent abolitionist, declared slaves should cut their masters throatslaves should cut their masters throat


Sojourner Truth was a powerful and Sojourner Truth was a powerful and eloquent spokeswoman for abolition eloquent spokeswoman for abolition of slavery “Ain’t I a Woman?”of slavery “Ain’t I a Woman?”

Frederick Douglass was the greatest Frederick Douglass was the greatest African American abolitionist of all, African American abolitionist of all, started the North Star, received wide started the North Star, received wide acclaim for his autobiographyacclaim for his autobiography


In the North abolitionists were a In the North abolitionists were a minority, feared it might lead to an minority, feared it might lead to an influx of free blacks, threat to influx of free blacks, threat to stability and orderstability and order

Prudence Crandall attempted admit Prudence Crandall attempted admit blacks to her private school, blacks to her private school, opposition caused it to close downopposition caused it to close down


Elijah Lovejoy had a mob smash his Elijah Lovejoy had a mob smash his printing press that he used to print an printing press that he used to print an abolitionist newspaper, eventually abolitionist newspaper, eventually murderedmurdered

Garrison was an extremist who attacked Garrison was an extremist who attacked the Constitution, and the church, insisted the Constitution, and the church, insisted that women be treated on terms of full that women be treated on terms of full equality, extreme pacifism, rejected equality, extreme pacifism, rejected defensive wars, a call for northern defensive wars, a call for northern disuniondisunion


The Amistad - The Amistad - Africans destined Africans destined for slavery in for slavery in Cuba seized the Cuba seized the ship from its ship from its crew, Supreme crew, Supreme Court declared Court declared the Africans free the Africans free


Prigg vs. Pennsylvania ruled that Prigg vs. Pennsylvania ruled that sates need not aid in enforcing the sates need not aid in enforcing the law requiring the return of fugitive law requiring the return of fugitive slaves to their owners slaves to their owners

Personal Liberty Laws forbade the Personal Liberty Laws forbade the state officials to assist in the capture state officials to assist in the capture and return of runawaysand return of runaways


Liberty Party offered James G. Birney Liberty Party offered James G. Birney as its presidential candidate stood for as its presidential candidate stood for Free Soil which meant keeping Free Soil which meant keeping slavery out of the territories - slavery out of the territories - attracted majority of white attracted majority of white population population


Harriet Beacher Harriet Beacher Stowe wrote Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Uncle Tom's Cabin, most Cabin, most powerful powerful document of document of abolitionist abolitionist propagandapropaganda

Chapter 12. The nation was growing in geographical extent and in size and diversity of the population. The economy was becoming more diverse and more.

Documents

romantic impulse longstreet

individual slide

wonderment slide

universe slide

reform slide

romantic eulogies

margaret fuller slide

historical novels slide