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Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos
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Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Dec 29, 2015

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Page 1: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Chapter 12The Eukaryotic members of the

microbial worldMedgar Evers College, CUNY

Prof. Santos

Page 2: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• These organisms include Algae, fungi, protozoa, and large multi-cellular animals such as the arthropods and Helminths.

Page 3: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Algae

• The study of algae is known as phycology.

Page 4: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Properties

• Algae are photosynthetic, they contain chlorophyll A, a light trapping pigment needed for photosynthesis.

• Algae include both unicellular and multi-cellular members.

• Unlike plants, they lack a complex vascular system and have relatively simple reproductive structures.

Page 5: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Are found in both fresh and salt water

• Make up a vast portion of the phytoplankton found in Earth’s bodies of water.

• Algae can be both microscopic and macroscopic.

Page 6: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Microscopic algae can be single cell organisms or they can grow as long chains or filaments.

• They can live in groups called colonies such as Volvox.

• Macroscopic algae are multicellular organisms that consists of several parts such as holdfast, stipe, blades, and some have a bladder consisting of gas that allow them to float.

Page 7: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.
Page 8: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.
Page 9: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• *The algae cell wall is made up of cellulose and pectin.

• *The red algae cell wall contains carrageenan and agar which are used in food products as stabilizers. Agar is also used to make solid bacterial medium.

Page 10: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Diatoms

• unicellular algae that have silicon dioxide in their cell wall. When these organisms die, their shells sink to the bottom of ocean and does not decompose. Deposits of diatoms are mined for diatomaceous earth. This substance is used for filter systems, abrasives in polishes and insulation.

Page 11: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Disease caused by algae

• Algae do not directly cause disease in humans but can release toxins that when taken in by humans can cause harm.

Examples!1- Gymnodinium breve is a dinoflagellate that

causes red tide in warm waters of Florida and Mexico. It produces a toxin called brevetoxin. Fish ingest the G. breve and then humans eat the fish. Symptoms include tingling sensation in the mouth and fingers, reversal of hot and cold perception, reduced pulse rate, and massive diarrhea.

Page 12: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

G. breve

Page 13: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

2- Dinoflagellates of the Gonyaulax species cause more serious problems. They produce neurotoxins such as saxitoxin and gonyautoxins.

Shellfish such as clams, mussels, scallops and oysters ingest the dinoflagellates and accumulate the toxins. People that eat the shellfish experience shellfish poisoning.

Page 14: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

G.verior

Page 15: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Symptoms include general numbness, dizziness, muscle weakness, and impaired respiration that can lead to death.

3- Pfiesteria piscicida, this dinoflagellate produces some of the most dangerous toxins known that researchers working with them must take extreme precaution.

Page 16: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Pfiesteria piscicida

Page 17: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

4- some species of diatoms can secrete a toxin known as domoic acid that when ingested by humans can cause diarrhea, memory loss, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps.

Page 18: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Diatoms

Page 19: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Protozoa

• Are eukaryotic in nature

• Unicellular

• Are not photosynthetic

• Mostly asexual

Page 20: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Are classified according to their mode of motility.• three phyla you should know;

Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, and Microspora.

1-Sarcomastigophora consists of 2 subphylum, Sarcodina and Mastigophora.

A) Sarcodina move by means of pseudopods includes the ameba.

B) Mastigophora move by means of a flagellum.

Page 21: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

2-The phylum Ciliophora includes microorganisms that move by means of cilia, tiny hairlike projections.

3- The phylum Apicomplexa includes Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium which cause serious human diseases.

Page 22: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Are aquatic and terrestrial in terms of habitat

• Lack a cell wall

Page 23: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Diseases

• Please know table 12.2 where they list the infections caused by the major protozoa discussed in the book. Ex’s are

• Malaria caused by Plasmodium

• Amebiasis caused by Entamoeba

• Giardiasis caused by Gardia

• African sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma

Page 24: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Fungi

• Unicellular or multicellular• Eukaryotic in nature• Are non-photosynthetic• Cell wall is made up of chitin• Cells are not flagellated

Page 25: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Fungal groupings

1- yeast

• Unicellular

• 3 to 5 um in diameter

• Reproduce by binary fission or budding.

Page 26: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

2- Molds• Are filamentous• One filament is called a hyphae.

Hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called septa.

• A group of hypha is called a mycelium.

Page 27: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Septa

Page 28: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Other properties of fungi

• Are economically important for the food industry such as beer, wine, and cheese production.

• Antimicrobial agents are also produced by fungi such as penicillin and griseofulvin.

Page 29: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Fungi cause human disease in three ways

1-The fungi grows in or on the human body 2- A person might react to a fungal toxin3- A person might develop an allergic

reaction to fungal spores or vegetative cells.

Page 30: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Mycoses

• Fungal diseases

• The name of the individual disease often begins with the name of the causative agent of infection. Ex; histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.

Page 31: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Fungal toxins

1- ergotamine, used to treat uterine bleeding

2- Aflatoxins, powerful carcinogen of the liver.

Page 32: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Multicellular parasites

1- *Arthropods

2- Helminths

* Mainly biological vectors or mechanical vectors.

Page 33: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Arthropods

• Include insects and arachnids

• Insects include mosquitoes, lice, and fleas.

• Arachnids include the ticks and mites

Page 34: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Arthropods are mainly vectors that carry agent of infection that causes diseases such as malaria (plasmodium), yellow fever (flavivirus), plague (Yersinia pestis), typhus (rickettsia), rocky mountain spotted fever and lyme disease and equine encephalitis.

Page 35: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Mechanical vector- transfers agent from one surface to another.

• Biological vector- are essential part of the life cycle of the pathogen. Example is the anopheles mosquito that transmits plasmodium that causes malaria.

Page 36: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Helminths

• Cause disease

• Three classes; nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes.

Page 37: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Nematodes

• Round worms

• Cylindrical body with a digestive system consisting of 2 openings, mouth and anus

• Free living in soil or water

Page 38: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

roundworm

Page 39: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Cestodes

• Tapeworms

• Flat ribbon shaped bodies that are segmented.

• The head or scolex has suckers for attachment.

• No digestive system

• Tapeworms are associated with beef, lamb, pork (Taenia solium) and fish.

Page 40: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Taenia solium

Page 41: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Diphyllobothrium latum

Page 42: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Trematodes or flukes

• Bilaterally symmetrical, flat and leaf-shaped.

• Most are hermaphrodites

• Have suckers for attachment and sucking fluids from host.

Page 43: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

Schistosoma mansoni

Page 44: Chapter 12 The Eukaryotic members of the microbial world Medgar Evers College, CUNY Prof. Santos.

• Please know table 12. 5 and 12.6 for list of diseases caused by these Helminths.

• Examples are• Ascariasis caused by the roundworm Ascaria,

abdominal pain• Trichinellosis caused by the roundworm Trichinella,

fever, swelling of eyelids, and muscle soreness• Tapeworm disease caused by Diphyllobothrium

latum, a fish tapeworm, no symptoms maybe anemia• Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni,

liver damage and malnutrition and weakness