Chapter 12 section 3 and 4 transportaion

• 1. Transportation Revolution

2. Transportation Revolution A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation. Created a boom in business across the country particularly in by reducing shipping cost. Two new improvements to transportation: Steamboat and steamed power trains 3. Steamboats o 1803 Robert Fulton tested his first steamboat design in France, years later he would test the first full-sized commercial steamboat call the Clermont in the U.S. o Suited for river travel could travel upriver did not need the wind o increased trade and profits because good could moved quickly and cheaper 4. Gibbons v. Ogden oAaron Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons for operating steamboats in New York waters Ogden claimed that he owned the waters and that Gibbons didnt have a license to operate in New York Gibbons claimed that his federal license gave him the right to use New York Waters 5. Ruling: 1824 the Court reinforced the federal governments authority to regulate trade between the states by ending monopolistic control over waterways in several states. This ruling freed up waters to even greater trade and shipping. 6. American Railroads o Steam powered trains had first been developed in Great Britain in the early 1800s o Peter Cooper built a small but powerful locomotive called Tom Thumb. 7. He Raced his locomotive against a horse drawn railcar. Locomotive broke down towards the end of the race and lost after having the lead. Although the locomotive lost it showed the power and speed of the machine. 8. By 1840 railroad companies had laid about 2,800 miles of track (This was more than existed in all of Europe.) 9. Challenges for the Railroads In Europe most tracks ran across flat ground, in the United States the tracks had to travel up and down steep mountains around tight curves and over swift rivers. Many tracks were built quickly and often with the least expensive materials available. 10. By 1860 almost all the major cities in the eastern United States were connected by railways thus making the railroad business some of the most powerful companies in the nation. 11. Changed the way people traveled Wagons traveled about 2 miles per hour Trains traveled 20 miles per hour It was dangerous, some trains traveled too fast and derailed. 12. Results of Transportation Revolution Railroads and steamboats made getting goods to distant markets easier and less costly. People had access to products that were made and grown far away. Created a new national economy, with the wealth centered in the North. 13. Railroads helped to expand the borders of the nation and guided population growth. Increased the use of certain natural resources that had not been important like coal. 14. Coal mining developed in many states to keep up with the demand of the railroads and many started to use coal to heat their homes as well. o Pennsylvania, western Virginia and Illinois all started to mine for coal and new towns developed 15. As the demand to coal increase the demand for steel began to grow. o Coal was used to create the fires that were needed to heat the iron ore in the smelting process. Steel was much stronger than iron and was increasingly used to build factories and the machines they produced 16. More Technological Advances Samuel F. B Morse o Perfected the telegraph- a device that could send information over wires across great distances. It would send pulses or surges of electric current through a wire. The operator would tap a bar called a telegraph key that controlled the length of each pulse 17. o Morse code Different combinations of dots and dashes that represent each letter of the alphabet. o Doesnt become popular until 1844 at the Democratic National Convention where it wired news of the presidential candidates nomination to politicians. Telegraph grew as the railroads did, with wires on the poles along the railways and established telegraph offices at many railroad stations 18. Steam power in Water power out o When factories were using water power they had to be built need a water source, with steam power allowed business owners to build their factories almost anywhere. o Some companies decided to build their factories closer cites Easier access to workers, allowing businesses to lower wages. 19. Improved Farm Equipment oJohn Deere Blacksmith, he designed a steel plow that made plowing soil easier. 20. Cyrus McCormick Developed a new harvesting machine, the mechanical reaper, which quickly and efficiently cut down wheat. He also used new methods to encourage sales, like advertising, gave demonstrations and provided a repair and spare parts departments. 21. The new equipment allowed farmers to plant and harvest huge crop fields. 22. Industrial Revolution in the home o The sewing machine: invented by Elias Howe a factory apprentice in Lowell. Issac Singer then made improvements on the machine. Singer allowed customers to buy his machines on credit and provided service. 23. o The ice box: cooled by large blocks of ice Stored fresh food for longer periods 24. Iron cook stoves began to replaces cooking fires and stone hearths.