CHAPTER 12 Recovery & Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
Dec 24, 2015
CHAPTER 12Recovery & Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
Collect/Check Outlines Chapter 11/Western Civ Quiz Primary source quiz Collect
What Characteristics distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages?
Jacob Burckhardt created the concept of the Renaissance – rebirth from the Middle Ages Revival of antiquity Perfecting of the individual Secularism
NOTE: there was not a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages (1000 years between Roman Empire and the Renaissance)
What Characteristics distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages?
Age of RECOVERY from the horrible 14th century Black Death Political disorder Economic recession
Rediscovery of ANTIQUITY Greco-Roman culture
Emphasis on INDIVIDUAL ability Leon Battista Alberti: “Men can do all
things if they will” Human dignity & worth “L’uomo uniersale” (universal person) –
well rounded personality capable of many achievements
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Economic recovery Italian merchants flourished in commerce
throughout the Mediterranean & North Atlantic Seaboard
HANSEATIC LEAGUE: Northern German coastal towns formed commercial and military association Commercial bases in England, Denmark,
Norway, Sweden Monopoly on Northern European trade Timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, wines Bruges, Belgium became the economic
crossroads of Europe in 14th century
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Industry Printing, mining, metallurgy,
textiles flourished Entrepreneurs took advantage
of new machinery The Medicis and Banking
House of Medici was the greatest bank in Europe Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon,
Bruges, London, Lyons Principal bankers of the papacy
Made Florence the banking capital, became wealthy
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
The Renaissance inherited social structures from Middle Ages Three Estates:
1st – clergy 2nd – Nobility: privilege earned providing
security & justice 3rd – peasants & inhabitants of cities and towns
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Nobility had new expectations Baldassare Castiglione
wrote The Book of the Courtier How to be an aristocrat Impeccable character, grace,
talents, noble birth1. Participate in military and bodily
exercises *but unlike knights of old they also had to*
2. Classical education – music, drawing, painting
3. Make a good impression, modest with grace
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Peasants made up 85-90 % of European Population Decline of Manorial System & Elimination of
Serfdom Introduction of a money economy in 12th century Less peasantry after Black Death Lord’s lands were worked by hired workers or rented
Urban Society PATRICIANS – wealthy traders, industry, bankers BURGHERS – shopkeepers, guild masters, guild
members Property-less workers – low, low wages Unemployed – miserable lives (30-40%)
Note:
The Renaissance was a time of Rebirth for the NOBLES and the CLERGY ONLY. The third estate was too busy trying to survive to consider new ways of thinking or
interpreting the universe
Consider foundations of Renaissance
Burkhardt’s factors Revival of antiquity Perfecting of the individual Secularism
Economic Revival End of manorialism &
serfdom Industry & Banking More
Successful Rise of individuals &
Patricians Castiglione’s rules for
nobility
Create a thesis proposing why these factors would
lead to an intellectual and artistic Renaissance
Should be one sentence Create an outline
showing how you would defend the thesis in three body paragraphs (don’t write the paragraphs – just bullet, letters, numbers, etc)
Italian States
Northern Italy divided between the duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice Francesco Sforza a
CONDOTTIERI (mercenary soldier) conquered Milan and became its duke
Trade in Venice made it rich and powerful
Republic of Florence Ruled by the Medici Family –
Cosimo, then Lorenzo the Magnificent (republic in image only)
1. “Unifying” thesis – outlines rest of paper2. Watch “catholic” versus “Catholic”3. Formal speech
1. No use of 1st person
2. No slang or vernacular
4. Introductions and Conclusions
A few notes about your Elizabeth Essays
Italian States
Papal States Central Italy Under the political control of the
popes Great Schism enabled individual
cities to become independent Kingdom of Naples
Most of southern Italy, island of Sicily
Fought over by the French and the Aragonese
Backward monarchy, poverty stricken peasants
Italian States
Independent City States Led by powerful families
Urbino Federigo da Montefeltro
Clasical education, humanist Skilled at fighting Reliable and honest
CONDOTTIERE Great PATRON Married to Battista Sforza
Niece of Duke of Milan Governed while Federigo away
Italian State
Isabella d’Este Daughter of duke of Ferrara Known for her intelligence
and political wisdom “first lady of the world” Attracted artists &
intellectuals
BALANCE OF POWER
Preventing the growth of any one state at the expense of others
Peace of Lodi: ended half-century of war and created a 40 year peace Alliance system:
Milan, Florence, Naples vs. Venice & Papacy
Ludovico Sforza (Duke of Milan) invited French to get involved in Italian politics Chalres VIII occupied Naples
Warfare in Italy
Italian states invited Ferdinand of Aragon for help
15 years: French and Spanish fought over Italy
Continued through next series of kings Italians never considered uniting –
fiercely loyal to own states Italians began to send diplomats to find
out information about their enemies Birth of modern diplomacy
Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli Secretary to the Florentine
Council of Ten Made many diplomatic
missions 1512: French defeated
Spanish and reestablished Medici Power – Machiavelli expelled
Wrote The Prince (1513)
The Prince
Acquisition and expansion of political power to maintain order
Late medieval scholars believed power should be exerted only if it was for the good of the People
Machiavelli said a Prince’s attitude toward power must be based on understanding human nature Political activity could not be
restricted by moral considerations Prince must act on behalf of the state
and let his conscience sleep
THE END
JUSTIFIES THE MEANS
Who did Machiavelli find a good example for his theories?
Cesare Borgia – son of Pope Alexander VI Used ruthless measures to achieve control “anyone who decides that the policy to
follow when one has newly acquired power is to destroy one’s enemies, to secure some allies, to win wars, whether by force or by fraud, to make oneself both loved and feared by one’s subjects…cannot hope to find, in the recent past, a better model to imitate than Cesare Borgia.”
Does it? – Give an Example
THE END JUSTIFIE
S THE MEANS
Machiavelli Debate – 2 groups
One group will represent PRO to Machiavelli’s Prince
One will be CON to Machiavelli’s theories Each group must think of 5 scenarios to defend
their opinion AT LEAST Three historical 2 may be hypothetical
Consider the positions the opposite side will present – create rebuttals and responses to these
Tomorrow we will debate where one or more representatives will speak
Machiavelli Debate - Timeline
4 min, Pro Position Presentation
4 min. Con Position Presentation
3 minute Work Period
3 minute Rebuttal - Pro3 minute Rebuttal - Con
2 minute Work Period
2 minute Response - Pro2 minute Response - Con
1 minute Work Period
2 minute Position Summary - Pro or Con
2 minute Position Summary - Pro or Con
5 minutes Tallying of scores, declaration of “winner”
Intellectual Renaissance
2 characteristics of Renaissance INDIVIDUALISM- emphasis on the interest
in unique traits of each person SECULARISM – focus on worldly things as
opposed to religious things Most noticeable in intellectual & artistic
realms Italy was cultural leader in Europe
thanks to wealthy urban lay society
Intellectual Renaissance
HUMANISM – intellectual movement based on study of Greek and Roman classics from secular perspective Studied liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry,
ethics, history) All based on Greek & Roman writings Studies we call “humanities”
Petrarch – “father of Italian Renaissance Humanism” didn’t become lawyer – writer instead Characterized Middle Ages as period of “darkness” Emphasized use of “pure Latin” like Cicero
What effect did Humanism have on philosophy, education, politics, writing?
CIVIC HUMANISM – using Cicero as a guide, it is the duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one’s state Study of humanities should be put to
service of the state NEOPLATONISM – Marsilio Ficino -
resurgence in study of Plato, synthesized Christianity and Platonism in a single system Chain of being from lowest to purest (plants
God)
What effect did Humanism have on philosophy, education, politics, writing?
HERMETICISM – from Corpus Hermeticum, stressed the occult sciences, astrology, alchemy, magic; philosophical beliefs PANTHEISM – seeing divinity
embodied in all aspects of nature and in the heavenly bodies
Giordano Bruno – “God as a whole is in all things”
a new view of humankind Human beings were created as
divine beings endowed with creative power
That which is above is also
below
Renaissance Art
Mathematical Laws of perspective Organization of outdoor space and light with geometry
Movement and anatomical structure Realistic portrayal of human nude became mission of
Renaissance artists Greek & Roman Influence Advances in sculpture and architecture Human individuality
Portraits & tombs Neoplatonic ideal of Human grandeur
The Renaissance Artist
Began career as an apprentice to masters in their craft guild
Depended on Patrons for commissions Newly wealthy and powerful families (like
the Medicis) would hire artists to paint their portraits, decorate their homes, or sculpt their tombs
During the Renaissance artists’ social status shifted from “lowly artisans who work with their hands” to celebrity status
Early to Mid Renaissance Artists Boticelli Donatello Brunelleschi
Sandro Boticelli (1445- 1510) Primavera
Venus, Goddess of love
Flora,Goddess Of Spring
Chloris, nymph
Zephyrus
Three Graces
Mercury
Cupid
Donato di Donatello (1386-1466) David
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) Dome of the Duomo, Florence
High Renaissance
HIGH RENAISSANCE (1480-1520) final stage of Renaissance art which flourished marked by increasing importance of Rome as the
cultural center Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Moved from realism to idealization of nature (showed psychological dimensions)
Raphael (1483 – 1520) Madonnas surpassed human beauty, balance, harmony
& order (Greco-Roman ideals) Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Believed in Neoplatonism- Sistine Chapel shows divine humans
Leonardo (1452-1519)– The Last Supper
Raphael (1483-1520) School of Athens
Raphael, Small Cowper Madonna, 1505
Michelangelo (1475-1564) David
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, 1508-1512
Titian (1485-1576), Venus of Urbino
Human FormIndividual GrandeurPerspectiveWealth of PatronsGreek Reference
Remember Me!
I’ll be important
in 300 years!
Northern Renaissance
Different approach from Italian Renaissance Italy- human form, frescoes in churches North – stained-glass windows in Gothic
churches resulted in “Illuminated” manuscripts and wooden panel paintings for altarpieces
North ignored perspective to gain mastery of detail in nature
Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) Among 1st to use oil paint Striking details
Jan van Eyck- Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Was van Eyck hinting at something ELSE in this painting?
Recreate & Create a “Renaissance” work
You may work in partners, groups, or individually
You may also have “guest subjects” to play roles, if needed
Choose a Renaissance work and recreate it in photography Use costumes, props, and backgrounds to
fit with the original image Consider what makes the Renaissance work
typical for the period
New Monarchies
In the second half of the 15th century monarchies tried to reestablish centralized power
NEW MONARCHIES- monarchs taking back centralized power in the late 15th century Also called “RENAISSANCE STATES”
Growth of French Monarchy
Hundred Years War (with England…remember Joan of Arc?) left France ruined Strong Nationalism
Charles VII crowned king at Reims Established a royal army with cavalry and archers Right to levy TAILLE – yearly, direct tax on land
Louis XI “the spider” Devious Retained tailles as permanent tax Expanded territory to Burgundy, Anjou, Provence
England: Civil War and New Monarchy
Hundred Years War (England trying to take French Crown) ruined England economically
War of the Roses (1450s) Civil War House of Lancaster (Red Rose)
Led by Henry Tudor House of York (White Rose)
Led by Edward, then Richard York Henry Tudor defeated Richard at
Bosworth Field
England: New Monarchy
Henry VII (1485-1509) Worked to strengthen
monarchial government Makes sense…just won a
CIVIL war Established Court of Star
Chamber No juries Allowed torture
Financial reform, fiscally conservative
Diplomatic – avoided wars Left England stable and
prosperous
Unification of Spain
Reconquista: taking Spain back from Muslims
In Middle Ages Spain consisted of several independent Christian kingdoms Aragon & Castile were strongest Navarre – small kingdom in north Granada – last Muslim kingdom in
south Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand
of Aragon married in 1469 Maintained separate kingdoms Worked to strengthen royal control
Unification of Spain
Ferdinand & Isabella Reorganized military Developed strong infantry force- best in
Europe Strict religious uniformity
Spanish Inquisition: persecuted Jews and Muslims
1492: took back Granada, kicked out Muslims Expelled all Jews from Spain 1502: expelled all Muslims
Holy Roman Empire
Controlled by the Hapsburg Family Did not have strong
centralized authority Didn’t fight wars, formed
alliances through marriage Emperor Maximilian I
Son Philip married Joana (daughter to Ferdinand & Isabella) Son Charles would become heir
to the Hapsburgs, the Burgundian, and the Spanish
Eastern Europe Population mostly
Slavic, Religious conflicts between Roman Catholics, Greek Orthodox, and pagans
PolandAristocrats established right to elect kingsPolish Kings couldn’t establish strong authorityBohemiaUnder Holy Roman Empire but the Czechs allied with Poles and Slavs
Russia – Ivan III freed Moscow from Mongols
Ottoman Turks and End of Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire had been the buffer between the Ottoman Turks and Europe
1453: Ottomans ended the Byzantine empire Mehmet II laid siege to Constantinople Cannons breached the walls
End of the fifteenth century Turks were threatening Europe
The Church & Renaissance
John Wyclif (1328-1384) Englishman Attacked papal authority No biblical basis for popes Bibles should be in vernacular so everyone can
read it Rejected everything not in the bible
Pilgrimages Saints Ritual
LOLLARDS: Wyclif’s followers
The Church & the Renaissance
Lollards spread to Bohemia Czech reformers led by John Hus Native Czechs embraced Hus’s teachings
COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE Attempted to deal with heresy, summoned Hus Hus condemned and burned at stake in 1415
Bohemia responded with upheaval HUSSITE WARS raged in HRE until 1436, ended
with truce
The Church & the Renaissance
Reforms were issued to little avail By mid-fifteenth century popes reestablished authority
Moral leadership declined Pope Alexander VI – led debauchery and criminal acts
Had children with mistresses Encouraged son Cesare (inspiration for The Prince) to take a
state from Papal states (Urbino) Pope Leo X (son of Lorenzo de’Medici) major patron of
arts Commissioned Raphael to paint portrait and other works Helped Rome become the artistic center of the
Renaissance