Chapter 12 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan.

Chapter 12Emotional and Social

Development in Adolescence

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Erikson’s Theory:Identity vs. Role Confusion

Identity Defining who you are,

what you value, and your direction in life

Commitments to vocation, relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals

Exploration, resolution of “identity crisis”

Role Confusion Lack of direction and

self-definition Earlier psychosocial

conflicts not resolved Society restricts

choices Unprepared for

challenges of adulthood


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Self-Concept in Adolescence Unifies separate traits into more

abstract descriptors May describe

contradictory traits Gradually combines

traits into organizedsystem: qualifiers integrating principles

© Goodluz/Shutterstock


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Self-Esteem in Adolescence

Continues to gain new dimensions: close friendship romantic appeal job competence

Generally rises, but drops temporarily at school transitions

Parenting style affects quality and stability ofself-esteem

© Aleshyn_Andrei/Shutterstock


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Identity Statuses

Exploration

Commitment

High Low

High identity achievement

identity moratorium

Low identity foreclosure

identitydiffusion


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Identity Status and Cognitive Style

Identity-achievedInformation-gathering

Moratorium

ForeclosureDogmatic, inflexible

Diffusion

Long-term diffusion Diffuse-avoidant


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Factors That AffectIdentity Development

Personality Child-rearing practices:

attachment Peers, friends Schools, communities Culture Societal forces

© Goodluz/Shutterstock


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Kohlberg’s Stages ofMoral Development

Preconventional level

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience

Stage 2: Instrumental purpose

Conventional level

Stage 3: “Good boy–good girl” (morality of interpersonal cooperation)

Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining

Postconventionalor principled level

Stage 5: Social contract

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle


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Research onKohlberg’s Theory

Few people reach postconventional morality

Stages 3 and 4 reflect morally mature reasoning

In real life, people often reason below actual capacity

© arek_malang/Shutterstock


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Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?

Kohlberg: emphasis on rights and justice orientation

Gilligan: emphasis on “ethic of care” orientation

Each sex uses both orientations, but females may stress care more, because of greater involvement in activities involving care and concern for others


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Reasoning About Situations Raising Competing Issues

Moral Social-conventional Personal:

personal choice weighed against community obligations

personal rights integrated with ideal reciprocity

© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock


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Influences on Moral Reasoning

Child-rearing practices: caring, supportive discussions of

moral concerns Schooling: higher

education Peer interaction Culture

© Alan Bailey/Shutterstock


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Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Factors influencing behavior include maturity of moral reasoning emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt temperament cultural experiences and beliefs moral identity parenting practices: inductive discipline,

moral standards schooling: just educational environments


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Religious Involvement and Morality

Formal religious involvement declinesin adolescence

Religious involvement linked to responsible academic,

social behavior; less misconduct

© Gordon Swanson/Shutterstock


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Pragmatic Approachto Morality

Claims Kohlberg’s stages inadequately account for behavior in everyday life

Moral judgments are practical tools that depend on current context and motivation are frequently directed at self-serving goals

Critics: People often rise above self-interest to defend others’ rights


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Gender Intensificationin Adolescence

Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior

Not universal, more common in girls

Biological, social, and cognitive influences

Declines by late adolescence

© Blend Images/Shutterstock


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Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence

Strives for autonomy Deidealizes parents Authoritative parenting:

balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring

extra challenging during adolescence


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Parent–Adolescent Conflict

Facilitates adolescents’ identity and autonomy

Signals parents to adjust parenting style

© Golden Pixels LLC/Shutterstock


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Family Influences on Adolescents’ Adjustment

Family circumstances that affect appropriate autonomy-granting: financial security parental work pressures stable marriage

Sibling relationships: less intense, in both positive and negative

feelings attachment remains strong in most cases


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Characteristics of Adolescent Friendships

Fewer “best friends” Stress intimacy, mutual

understanding, loyalty Friends tend to be similar:

identity status educational aspirations political beliefs deviant behavior

© bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock


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Sex Differences inAdolescent Friendships

Girls Emotional closeness Get together to

“just talk” Self-disclosure, support

Boys Shared activities Achievement, status Competition, conflict


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Self-Disclosure in Relationships

Figure 12.1

(From D. Buhrmester, 1996, “Need Fulfillment, Interpersonal Competence, and the Developmental Contexts of Early Adolescent Friendship,” in W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup [Eds.], The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 168. Reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.)


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Friendship Risks

Corumination: anxiety, depression

Relational aggression: girls’ closest friendships

of shorter duration Internet communication:

racial and ethnic slurs sexual obscenity harassment reduced quality of face-to-face interaction

© wrangler/Shutterstock


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U.S. Teenagers’ Daily Use of Social Media

Figure 12.2

(Adapted from Lenhart et al., 2010.)


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Benefits of Adolescent Friendships

Opportunities to explore self

Opportunities to deeply understand another

Foundation for future intimate relationships

Help in managing stress Improved school attitudes

and involvement© oliveromg/Shutterstock


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Cliques and Crowds

Cliques: small groups: 5–7 good friends similar in family

background, attitudes, and values

Crowds: larger: composed of

several cliques membership based on

reputation, stereotype

© Robbi/Shutterstock


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Changes in Dating During Adolescence

Mixed-sex cliques prepare teenagers for dating

Dating goals change with age: early adolescence: recreation, peer status late adolescence: intimacy, compatibility,

affection, social support Relationships with parents and friends

contribute to security of romantic ties


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Dating Problems

Too-early dating: drug use, sex,

delinquency poor academic

achievement dating violence

For gay and lesbianyouths: finding partners peer harassment, rejection

© MJTH/Shutterstock


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Depression in Adolescence

Most common psychological problem: 15–20% have had one or more major episodes

Twice as many girls as boys: early-maturing girls gender intensification

Influential factors: heredity parental depression gender-typed coping styles

© Jochen Schoenfeld/Shutterstock


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Adolescent Suicide

Suicide rate jumps sharply at adolescence Related factors:

gender ethnicity family environment, high life stress sexual orientation personality:

intelligent, withdrawn antisocial

triggering negative events


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Preventing Suicide

Attend to warning signs Provide adult and

peer support Teach coping

strategies Remove access to

means: gun control legislation © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock


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Delinquency Widespread in early and middle

adolescence, then declines Related factors:

gender SES, ethnicity difficult temperament low intelligence, poor school performance peer rejection, association with antisocial

peers family characteristics neighborhood


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Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency

Early-onset: behavior begins in childhood: biological risks and inept

parenting combine linked to serious

antisocial activity Late-onset: behavior

begins around puberty peer influences

© Ardelean Andreea/Shutterstock


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Path to Chronic Delinquency

Figure 12.3


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Preventing Adolescent Delinquency

Positive family relationships High-quality teaching Communities with healthy

economic and social conditions

Multisystemic therapy Zero tolerance policies

are inconsistent, ineffective

© Alexander Raths/Shutterstock


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Chapter 12 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan.

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