Chapter 12 ECOLOGY Hour2 Edited

7/30/2019 Chapter 12 ECOLOGY Hour2 Edited

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Powerpoint@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk
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12.1 : Introduction to ecology

12.2 : Ecosystem concept

12.3 : Energy Flow through ecosystem

12.4 : Biogeochemical cycles

12.5 : Biodiversity:

Conservation & management


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At the end of this topic, students shouldbe able to;

a) Explain the components of the ecosystem with

examples:

i. biotic and abiotic components

ii. interactions between/among biotic components

iii. interactions between biotic and abioticcomponents

b) Describe the lake ecosystem and terrestrial

ecosystem of tropical rain forest


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The environment of anorganism includes

1. Biotic Component

Involves all living organisms.

Affect organism in many ways ; competition,

parasites, predation, symbionts

2. Abiotic Component

Involves all non living components of biosphere. It include atmosphere,

hydrosphere & lithosphere.

May affect biotic environment


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BIOTIC COMPONENT

1. Autotroph/producer

2. Heterotroph/consumer

3. Decomposers


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Can manufacture organic food from inorganic

substances from environment.

In terrestrial ecosystems- green plants are the

producers.In aquatic ecosystems

phytoplankton

(algae & blue greenbacteria).

AUTOTROPH / PRODUCER


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- Organisms that cannot

synthesize their own

food from inorganic

materials.

- Obtain organic nutrients

by feeding on the

tissues of producers or

other consumers.

2


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Heterotroph can be divided into four

type of organisms


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An animal that feeds directly on

plants or algae.

HERBIVORE (Primary consumers)


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Predators - An animal that feeds

on other animal; flesh-eater.

Scavengers which usually eatwhat is left by the predators

CARNIVORE (Secondary consumers)


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An animal

that eats avariety of

plant and

animalmaterial

OMNIVORE

Badge

Bear


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An organism (such asan earthworm or crab)that feed on small

fragments of deadorganisms and on wastematter of animals andplants.

Also called detritusfeeder.

DETRITIVORE


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Decomposers are

microorganisms mainly

fungi & bacteria.

Also called saprophyte.

Secrete digestiveenzymes onto dead or

waste material & absorb

the products.

DECOMPOSER


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Interactions between bioticcomponents:


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COMPETITION

Competition occurs when two or moreindividuals require same resource thatis in short supply.

Use of resource by one of theindividuals reduces its availability to

other individual.


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IInterspecific

(between species)

Intraspecific

(within a species)


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PARASITISME

Parasite depends on host for food,

and host receives no benefits at all.

Can divided in 2 types :

1. Endoparasites parasites which live

within tissue or body cavity.

E.g : tapeworm Taenia sp. parasitic in

various mammals.


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2. Ectoparasites parasites

which lives and feed on the

external surface of host.

E.g : ticks found on surfaceof host.


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PREDATION

Community interaction

where one species,

predators, eats another,

prey.

If predator presence,

number of preys falls.


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Commensalisme

Relationship between two

species; one species got benefit

from the relationship & second

species unaffected by it.

Eg : host tree & epiphytes

(smaller plants such as orchids,ferns, mosses) attached to

hosts branches, obtain light

and water.


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Symbiosis (Mutualisme)

Relationship between two organism different

species.Both obtain benefits.

Eg : Some of the bacteria living in our large intestinesupply us with

vitamin K

The bull is being cleaned

while the monkey receives

food to eat.


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Interaction between biotic &abiotic components.

Abiotic components : nonliving chemical andphysical factors (e.g.: temperature, light, water,nutrients) to organism exposed.


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Abiotic components are :

Atmosphere made up of gases thatenvelop the Earth.

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS


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Hydrosphere waters of the Earth,

including the ocean, fresh water and

other forms of liquid and frozen water.


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Lithosphere soil and sediments of the

Earths


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LAKE ECOSYSTEM

Lake ecosystem:

- base on light penetration

a) photic

b) aphotic

- base on distance from shore

and depth of watera)littoral

b) limnetic


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Lake zonation

Penetration of

sunlight

Photic zone

Aphotic /

profundal zone


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Photic zone

light is sufficient

for photosynthesis

where almost all of

the primaryproductivity occurs


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the deep open water Region that do not

received light

No processphotosynthesis

oxygen low due to

cellular respiration of

decomposers mineral nutrients are

usually plentiful due

to decomposition of

detritus.

Aphotic zone


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Lake zonation

Distance from

shoreline

Littoral

zone Limnetic

zone


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Littoral zone

the area near the shore atthe top of the lake thatreceives sunlight,extending down to the

depth where rootedplants stop growing.

This zone has high

biodiversity.


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suspension feeders (clams),herbivorous grazers (snails),herbivorous and carnivorousinsects, crustaceans, fishes,and amphibians.

Some reptiles, waterfowl, andmammals also frequent thiszone.

Plant:

Emerged plants

Floating plants

submerged plant

Littoral zone


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Limnetic zone

the sunlight part at the top of

the lake, similar to the littoral

zone.

open area away from theshore.

Most photosynthesis occurs

in this part of the lake.


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Limnetic zone

Neuston- the organism that colonize the surface of anaquatic habitat

phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) which are

photosynthetic,

zooplankton (rotifers and small crustaceans) that grazes onphytoplankton,

and small fish that

feed on the

zooplankton.


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TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM


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emergent strata

canopy strata

shrub strata

herb strata

taloid strata

FOREST STRATIFICATION


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a) The Emergent Layer (1st

layer)

- Consists of the tops of the

tallest trees

- It houses many birds and

insects

- E.g : Tualang tree


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b) The Canopy (2nd layer)

- animal: insects, arachnids,

many birds, mammals,

reptiles (like snakes andlizards), and others.

- plant: epiphytes (airplants) like mosses,

lichens and orchids

(which grow on trees)


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c) The Understory

- Dark, cool, so little light

- Plant: short, leafy, mostly

non-flowering shrubs, smalltrees, ferns that have

adapted to filtered light and

poor soil.

- Animals: insects, arachnids,

snakes, lizards and small

mammals that live on/in tree

barks.


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d) The Forest Floor

- Almost no plants grow in

this region

- 0-2% light and 100%humidity.

- Many small plants.

- The floor have manydecomposers animal &

detritus feeders


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Strata Type of tree Animal of community

Emergent Tualang tree Eagle

Canopy Nephelium sp. Beetle

Shrub Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Honey bee

Herb Dryopteris(Fern) Reptile

Taloid Bryophyta Ant

Table of Forest Stratification


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12.3 ENERGY FLOW

THROUGH ECOSYSTEM

Chapter 12 ECOLOGY Hour2 Edited

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