Chapter 12 & 13 The Eye & Ear. Objectives Identify organs and structures of the eye. Define and spell word parts related to the eye. Define, pronounce,

Chapter 12 & 13The Eye & Ear

Objectives• Identify organs and structures of the eye.• Define and spell word parts related to the eye.• Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms

related to the eye.• Identify organs and structures of the ear.• Define and spell word parts related to the ear.• Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms

related to the ear.• Define, pronounce, and spell surgical terms related to the ear.

The Eye • The eyes are organs of vision and are located in a bony

protective cavity of the skull called the orbit. Only a small portion of the eye is visible from the exterior

Function of the Ear• Two functions of the ear are to hear and to provide the sense

of balance.• The ear is made up of three parts: the external ear, the

middle ear, and the inner ear, also called the labyrinth. • We hear because sound waves vibrate through the ear, where

they are transformed into nerve impulses that are then carried to the brain.

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Anatomy of the Eye

Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Visible Surface of the Eye


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Eye• sclera: outer protective layer of the eye (white of eye)• cornea: transparent anterior part of the sclera; allows

the light rays to enter the eye• choroid: middle layer of the eye interlaced with blood

vessels that supply nutrients to the eye• iris: the pigmented muscular structure that regulates

the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil

pupil: opening in the center of the iris


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Eye (cont’d)• lens: lies directly behind the pupil; focuses and bends light• retina: innermost layer of the eye, which contains the vision receptors• aqueous humor: watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye;

provides nourishment to nearby structures and maintains shape in the anterior part of the eye

• vitreous humor: jellylike liquid found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape


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Eye (cont’d)• meibomian glands: oil glands found in the upper and lower

edges of the eyelids that help lubricate the eye• lacrimal glands and ducts: produce and drain tears• optic nerve: carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain• conjunctiva: mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering

the anterior portion of the sclera


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Anatomy of the Ear


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The Middle Ear


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Ear

•external ear• auricle (pinna): located on both sides of the

head• external auditory meatus: short tube that

ends at the tympanic membrane


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Ear (cont’d)•middle ear• tympanic membrane (eardrum):

semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity and transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles• eustachian tube: connects the middle ear and

the pharynx• ossicles: bones of the middle ear that carry

sound vibrations


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Ear (cont’d)• labyrinth (inner ear)• cochlea: snail-shaped and contains the organ

of hearing; connects to the oval window in the middle ear• semicircular canals and vestibule: contain

receptors and endolymph that help the body maintain its sense of balance•mastoid bone and cells: located in the skull

bone behind the external auditory meatus


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Combining Forms Commonly Used with the Eye

• cry/o• dipl/o• is/o• phot/o• ton/o


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Combining Forms of the Ear• audi/o

• aur/i, aur/o, ot/o

• cochle/o

• labyrinth/o

• mastoid/o

• myring/o

• staped/o

• tympan/o

• vestibul/o


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Prefixes and Suffixes• Prefixes

• bi-, bin-• Suffixes

• -opia• -phobia• -plegia


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Helpful Information

• tympan/o usually means middle ear

• myring/o means eardrum (tympanic membrane)

• labyrinth/o means inner ear


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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts• aphakia• blepharitis• blepharoptosis• conjunctivitis• dacryocystitis• diplopia• endophthalmitis• iridoplegia• iritis

• keratitis• keratomalacia• leukocoria• oculomycosis• ophthalmalgia• ophthalmoplegia• phacomalacia• photophobia• retinoblastoma


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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

• retinopathy• sclerokeratitis• scleromalacia• xerophthalmia


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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts• labyrinthitis• mastoiditis• myringitis• otalgia• osteomastoiditis

• otomycosis• otopyorrhea• otorrhea• otosclerosis


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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts• amblyopia• astigmatism (Ast)• cataract• chalazion• detached retina• glaucoma• hyperopia• macular degeneration

• Myopia• Nyctalopia• Nystagmus• Pinguecula• Presbyopia• Ptergium• Retinitis Pigmentosa• Strabismus• Sty, stye (hordeolum)


A, Snowflake cataract. B, Senile cataract.

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts• acoustic neuroma• ceruminoma• cholesteatoma• Ménière disease• otitis externa

• otitis externa• otitis media (OM)• presbycusis• tinnitus• vertigo


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Blepharoptosis


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Dacryocystitis


An abnormal condition of squinting or crossed eyes is

called strabismus. This condition is caused by the visual axes not meeting at the same point. A complication of strabismus is

amblyopia; the vision in one eye is reduced due to its disuse or

misuse.

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Chapter 12 & 13

Lesson 12.2


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Objectives• Define, pronounce, and spell surgical terms related

to the eye.• Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic terms related

to the eye.• Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms

related to the eye.• Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the

eye.• Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in

simulated medical statements and documents.


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Objectives• Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic terms related to the ear.• Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the

ear.• Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the ear.• Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated

medical statements and documents.


Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts• blepharoplasty• cryoretinopexy• dacryocystorhinostomy• dacryocystotomy• iridectomy• iridotomy• keratoplasty• sclerotomy

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Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts• enucleation• laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)• phacoemulsification (PHACO)• photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)• retinal photocoagulation• scleral buckling• trabeculectomy• vitrectomy

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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts• cochlear implant• labyrinthectomy• mastoidectomy• mastoidotomy• myringoplasty• myringotomy• stapedectomy• tympanoplasty

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Myringotomy


Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts

• Diagnostic imaging• fluorescein

angiography• tonometry

• Ophthalmic evaluation• keratometer• ophthalmoscope• ophthalmoscopy• optometry• pupillometer• pupilloscope• retinoscopy• tonometer 37


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PRK and LASIK


Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts• audiogram• audiometry• electrocochleography • otoscope• otoscopy• tympanometer• tympanometry

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts• anisocoria• binocular• corneal• isocoria• intraocular• lacrimal• nasolacrimal• ophthalmic

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• ophthalmologist• ophthalmology• ophthalmopathy• optic• pseudophakia• pupillary• retinal


Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts• emmetropia• intraocular lens (IOL)• miotic• mydriatic• optician• optometrist• visual acuity (VA)

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts• audiologist• audiology• aural• cochlear• otologist• otology• otorhinolaryngologist (ENT)• vestibular• vestibulocochlear

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Abbreviations• ARMD• Ast• Em• IOL• Ophth• PHACO• VA

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Abbreviations• ADM• EENT• ENT• OM

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Read Medical Terms in UseAcute otitis media is one of the most common pediatric infections. Most middle ear infections are caused by bacteria, and some by viruses. Symptoms include otalgia, otorrhea, ear pulling, and irritability. The tympanic membrane will be bulging, red in color, with a thickened appearance and reduced translucency. Antibiotics may be ordered if the infection does not resolve on its own. If unresponsive to antibiotic treatment, a myringotomy may be performed to identify the causative pathogen, allowing for the appropriate antibiotic treatment to be prescribed.

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Read Medical Terms in UseAn elderly gentleman visited his ophthalmologist because of decreased vision. A tonometry examination showed borderline readings. Visual acuity measurement indicated a mild degree of myopia and presbyopia. A diagnosis of glaucoma was suspected in this case, and Timoptic eye drops were prescribed, one drop daily. A cataract of the right eye was found. Lens implant surgery will be performed when the cataract matures sufficiently. Approximately 5 years ago the patient had a detached retina of the left eye. A scleral buckling procedure was performed and was successful in halting the process of retinal detachment. 46


Chapter 12 & 13 The Eye & Ear. Objectives Identify organs and structures of the eye. Define and spell word parts related to the eye. Define, pronounce,

Documents

eye ear slide

eye copyright

eye sclera

eye iris

eye white of eye cornea

eye interlaced

eye choroid

eye lacrimal glands