Chapter 11 Weather and Climate lesson slides published

CHAPTER 11

WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Learning Outcomes

You Will Learn:

• to differentiate between weather and climate

• about the use and siting of weather instruments

• to compare weather and climatic data to understand

weather and climatic variations

• about the distribution and characteristics of the

world’s major climatic types

• how weather and climate affect people positively and

negatively

Why is the weather important to you?

CLOTHES!

FOOD!

HOLIDAYS!

• Weather affects our daily lives.

• Weather affects the ways we lead our daily activities.

• Weather affects the types of houses we live in.

Why is the weather important to you?

What is the difference between weather and

climate?

Definition of Weather

• Conditions in the atmosphere of a

particular area at a particular point in

time.

• Short-term conditions.

• Changes all the time and varies from

place to place.

• Climate refers to the weather pattern of a place over a long period of time, usually 30 years or more

• Long- term conditions.

• Seldom change.

Definition of Climate

What’s the climate like?

Weather Climate

Short term Long Term

Daily, Weekly Usually 30 years or more

Changes all the time and varies from place

to place.

Seldom change.

What are the basic elements of weather and climate?

• The basic elements of weather

and climate:

Temperature

Rainfall

Wind

What is Temperature?

Temperature

Describe the temperature in the morning, at noon and evening yesterday

Definition of Temperature

• Temperature refers to the

degree of hotness or coldness

of the air

• It varies throughout the day in a

place

• It varies from place to place

It varies throughout the day in a place

It varies from place to place

Equator

• Places nearer the Equator are warmer throughout the year than places farther away from it

• The increase in distance away from the from the Equator is known as Latitude.


Mount Kenya


• Temperature gets cooler as we go to higher grounds

• As the Altitude gets higher, the Temperature gets lower

• Give me 1 location in Malaysia that is influence by Altitude.


How do we measure Temperature?

• Air temperature is measured with a thermometer

• The scale is in degree Celsius (OC)

• Daily maximum temperature refers to the highest temperature reading for the day

• Daily minimum temperature refers to the lowest temperature reading for the day

A Minimum and Maximum Thermometer ( Six’s Thermometer)

mercury and a metal index

Temperature rises> mercury expands

mercury pushes the index up

Maximum thermometer

Temperature falls > mercury

contracts and stays in place

Contains alcohol

Measure the minimum

temperature

Minimum thermometer

How do you reset t he thermometer?

Why is alcohol used?

How do we read the temperature using a Six’s thermometer?

• What is the minimum and maximum temperature shown in the thermometer on the right?

Minimum temp = 13 oC Maximum temp = 32 oC

• By taking the bottom of the index.

Where are the thermometers placed

to measure temperature?

•Stevenson Screen

•Describe the

Stevenson

Screen on the

right.

•Stevenson Screen

Parts Why

1 White in color reflects heat

2 Louvres allows air to flow freely through it

3 Raised above ground

shelters the instruments form the heat radiating from the ground

4 Face north and south

Do not get the direct heat from the sun

Where should a Stevenson Screen be

located and why?

•Describe the

locations of

the Stevenson

Screen on the

Where is the best location to place a Stevenson Screen in School

A: In an open field – Air will circulate easily in the Stevenson Screen as the Screen is in an open space and is far away from buildings. B: Within the school – Heat within the building may affect the instruments inside the Screen. – The Screen may be disturbed by people. Eg

People may open the Screen door and this will affect the reading of the instruments.

C: Under the trees – The Screen will be in the shade, protected from direct sunlight. – Air may not circulate freely under the trees. D: On the basketball court – Instruments inside the Screen may be affected by the heat from the ground. – People in the basketball court may disturb the Screen.

Ans: Choice A best fulfills the criteria set for the siting of a Stevenson Screen.

Learning Outcomes

You Will Learn:

• Definition of rainfall.

• How it is rainfall formed

• How is rainfall measured.

Rainfall

Why do we study rainfall?

Too much? Too little?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1BgYeepNlE&feature=re

lated

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1BgYeepNlE&feature=related

Definition of rainfall

• refers to the amount of rain that an area receives over a period of time

•It is measured in millimetres (mm) or centimetres (cm)

How is rain formed

Evaporation

Transpiration

Condensation

Rain or snow

falls 1

2

3

4

How is rainfall measured?

• A rain gauge is an instrument used to measure rainfall

• Parts of a rain gauge:

Rain Gauge

Ground

Glass bottle

Funnel

Copper Cylinder

Outer Casing

Calculating Rainfall

• Daily rainfall refers to the amount of rain that

falls over 24 hours

• Monthly rainfall refers to the total amount of

rainwater collected throughout the month

• Annual rainfall is the total amount of rainwater

collected throughout the year

Rainfall Map(Refer to textbook page 142)

•Rainfall map

shows the

distribution of

annual rainfall

in a place for a

period of time

CVSS

•Refer to textbook page 142

isohyets •Name 1 location that has the same amount of rainfall as CVSS

•Name 1 location that has less amount of rainfall than CVSS

•Name 1 location that has more amount of rainfall than CVSS

• Temperature is displayed as a line graph in a climograph

• Rainfall is displayed as bar in a climograph

• Rain Gauge

• Look at the two photographs below, describe

the locations of the rain gauge?

• Discuss in pair: (5 minutes)

1. Which is the most suitable location to place a Rain Gauge. Give Two reasons for your answer

2. Explain why the other sites are not

suitable?

Learning Outcomes

You Will Learn:

• Definition of wind.

• How it is wind formed?

• How to read wind directions?

• Where should a wind vane be sited?

• How to read a wind rose?

Wind Why do we study wind?

Too much? Too Little?

What is wind?

• Wind is defined as the movement of air over

the surface of the Earth.

Definition of wind:

How is wind formed?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itj-x1XhzQo&feature=related




• The Earth is heated up at a different

rate.

• Warm air expands and rises up while

cool air condenses and sinks.

• Low Pressure is formed when warm air

rise.

•Cool air will move in from area of high

pressure to replace the warm air that

rises.

•Wind if formed when cool air blows from

area of high to area of low pressure.

• Wind direction is given by the compass

point of North, South, East and

West.

• A wind vane is used to measure

the direction of the wind.

How is wind direction measured?

• The pointer on the wind vane points to

the direction that the wind is blowing

from.

How is wind direction measured?

SE N

• A wind vane is usually

placed on a high,

open place with little or

no obstruction to the

flow of wind

Where should the wind vane be sited to

measure the wind directions accurately?

Where should the wind vane be sited to

measure the wind directions accurately?

A

B

C

Learning Outcomes

You Will Learn:

• To compare weather and climatic data to

understand weather and climatic variations

• About the distribution and characteristics of

the world’s major climatic types

Major Climatic Types of the World

• Temperature and rainfall are commonly used to

classify different climates of the world

• Three broad types of the world’s climates

Tropical

Temperate

Polar

• A climograph is used to present the climatic data of a

place

Climograph:

Describe the key information that you can

derive from the climograph of Singapore

shown below.

Climograph:

1. Location of the place

2. Latitude of the place

3. Months ( J,F,M,A……..)

4. Temperature (o C )

5. Amount of Precipitation

(mm or cm)

1

5 4

3

2

Climograph:

• A line graph shows the mean monthly temperature during the year

• A bar graph shows the average precipitation for each month

Climograph:

• What is the average annual temperature for Singapore?

• What is the total annual rainfall for Singapore?

•What is the annual temperature range?

Major Climatic Types of the World- Tropical Climate

• Places with a tropic climate

Lie on or near the Equator In the region known as the Tropics,

between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5oN) and the Tropic of

Capricorn (23.5oS)

Major Climatic Types of the World- Tropical Climate

• Places with a tropic climate

Experience high temperatures ranging from 20oC to 30

oC

Receive almost the same amount of sunlight all year around

Receive high annual rainfall ranging from 1000 to 2000

millimetres or more

Has a small annual temperature range.

• Characteristics of places with a

tropical climate:

High temperature and high rainfall throughout the year

Hot and wet climate

eg Singapore, Malaysia, Brazil and Kenya

Major Climatic Types of the World- Temperate Climate

• Places with a temperate climate

Lie between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5oN) and Arctic Circle

(66.5oN), and between the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5

oS) and

Antarctic Circle (66.5oS)

Major Climatic Types of the World- Temperate Climate

• Places with a temperate climate

Experience four seasons every year: spring, summer, autumn

(or fall) and winter

Receive different amounts of sunlight in different periods of the

year hence, temperatures vary greatly throughout the year

Annual rainfall is moderate

(300 to 1000 millimetres)

• Characteristics of places with a

temperate climate

Low to Moderate temperatures depending

on the season

Moderate rainfall throughout the year

Examples: Korea, Japan and the United States

of America

Major Climatic Types of the World- Polar Climate

• Places with a polar climate

Lie between Arctic Circle (66.5oN) and the North Pole (90

oN),

and between Antarctic Circle (66.5oS) and the South Pole (90

oS)

Major Climatic Types of the World- Polar Climate

• Places with a polar climate

Experience only summer and winter

From March to September: the North Pole receives six months of

continual sunshine while the South Pole faces six months of darkness

Are very dry because the air lacks

water vapour for the formation

of clouds and rain or snow

• Characteristics of places with

a polar climate

Very low temperatures (often below

freezing point) and rainfall throughout

the year

eg Arctic, Antarctica, Northern

Canada and Siberia

• Guide to describe the climate of a place :

1. Describe the temperature.

2. Describe the total annual rainfall.

3. Describe the annual temperature range.

4. Describe any distinct rainfall or temperature if they are present. E.g. Hot and wet, four seasons

etc.

Practise time: Base on the climographs provided in the next slide: a. Describe the climate of the locations. b. Identify the type of climate associated with the locations.

Major Climatic Types of the World-


Climograph 1 Climograph 2 Climograph 3


Climograph 1

1. It has low to moderate temperature

depending on the season. In winter,

the temperature is around -10oC

and 22oC in the summer.

2. It has a low annual rainfall of less

than 1000mm

3. It has a large annual temperature

range of about 32 oC

4. It has 4 seasons.

5. It probably has a Temperate

climate.


Climograph 2

1. It has high temperature averaging

27 degree Celsius.

2. It has a small annual temperature

range of about 2 to 3 degree

Celsius.

3. Its has high annual rainfall of more

than 2000mm

4. This place is hot and wet.

5. It has no season.

6. It probably has a Tropical

Equatorial climate.


Climograph 3

1. It has very low temperature

throughout the whole year. ( -28oC

to - 3oC

2. It has very low rainfall throughout

the year with an annual rainfall of

less 300mm

3. It has a large annual temperature

range of about 25oC

4. It probably experience summer and

winter only

5. It probably has a Polar climate.

Learning Outcomes

You Will Learn:

• how weather and climate affect humans

positively and negatively.

How Weather and Climate Affect Us

• Study the photographs on the next slide 1st row to look at picture A

2nd row to look at picture B

3rd row to look at picture C

4th row to look at picture D

5th row to look at picture E

6th and 7th row to look at picture F

• Write down on the same piece of paper earlier:

Describe any activities or things that caught your attention on the photographs

Describe how they can be related to climate and weather?


• Daily activities Weather will determine whether we stay indoors or participate in outdoor activities.


• The Daily activities Weather will determine the types of activities we can engage in.


• Housing

The locations people choose to live in.

People prefer to live in places where it is neither too hot nor too cold.


• Housing The climate will also influence the types of housing people live in.

eg In many Southeast Asian countries, houses are built on stilts to prevent water from damaging their property during floods


• Tourism

The different climates experienced around the

world encourage tourism


•Production of electricity

Modern-day windmills harness the energy from the wind to generate electricity.

Solar energy is harness from the sun to generate electricity.

Hydroelectric power is harness from fast-moving water to generate electricity.


•Production of electricity

The wind, water and sun are known as renewable resources.

Can be naturally restored or replenished

Petroleum, natural gas and coal are non-renewable resources


• Food and water supplies

Different crops thrive under different climatic

conditions


• Food and water supplies

Changes in the climate will affect crops and

animals e.g a drought will destroy crops and reduce water

supplies which can result in a famine and affect

livestock


•Loss of lives and property

Extreme weather conditions can destroy many lives and property e.g. floods, heat waves and hurricanes

Spend 3 minutes to answer these questions

EXIT SLIP:

Describe any 3 ways that weather and climate

can affect us:

Something that I still do not understand is :

Chapter 11 Weather and Climate lesson slides published

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