Chapter 11: Physical Development in School-Age Children 11.1 Growth of the Body 11.2 Motor Development 11.3 Children with Special Challenges
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in School-Age
Children
11.1 Growth of the Body
11.2 Motor Development
11.3 Children with Special Challenges
11.1 Growth of the Body
Physical Growth
Nutrition
Tooth Development
Vision
Physical Growth
Growth continues at steady paceBoys and girls about the same size most of these years until girls enter puberty in late elementary schoolSome short children may receive growth hormones, but this has negative effects
11.1 Growth of the Body
Average Growth in School-Age Children
Nutrition
School-age children need to eat more than preschoolers Children need to eat breakfast before schoolParents need to be involved in the treatment of juvenile obesity
11.1 Growth of the Body
Tooth DevelopmentBeginning at 5 or 6 years, loss of primary teeth occurs at a rate of 4 teeth per year
Fluoride in toothpaste and drinking water helps prevent tooth decay
Malocclusion can be treated by orthodontia
11.1 Growth of the Body
VisionGrowth of eustachian tube helps reduce incidence of ear infections (otitis media)
Myopia occurs in approximately 24% of school-age children
Myopia usually emerges between 8 and 12 years
Both heredity and environment contribute to myopia
11.1 Growth of the Body
11.2 Motor Development
Growth of Motor Skills
Physical Fitness
Participating in Sports
Accidents
Growth of Motor SkillsImproved motor skill due to increased size and strength (e.g., at 11 years can throw ball 3 times farther than at 6 years)Girls excel in fine-motor skills and gross-motor skills that require balance and flexibilityMany gender differences due to attitudes about girls’ sports participation
11.2 Motor Development
Changing Motor Skills
Physical Fitness
Most school children in U.S. are not physically fit Children often spend much time standing around in phys ed classesMany children engage in sedentary leisure activities (e.g., TV, computer games)
11.2 Motor Development
Participating in Sports
Sports help children be physically fit, teach cognitive and social skillsBoth boys and girls believe sports enhance self-esteem, teach skills and cooperation, and provide physical activityCoaches should be positive and have realistic expectations
11.2 Motor Development
Reasons for Sports Participation
AccidentsCar accidents (as passenger or pedestrian) and bike accidents are most common causes of injury and death Parents can help by being good role models (seat belts, bike helmets) and by being realistic about child’s abilitiesSafety often the focus of community and school programs11.2 Motor Development
11.3 Children with Special Challenges
Children with Learning Disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Children with Mental Retardation
Children with Learning Disabilities
Children with learning disabilities have normal intelligence, but have difficulty mastering academic material
Many different learning disabilities so difficult to diagnose and many different treatments
11.3 Children with Special Challenges
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Show a combination of overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity More common in boys than girlsOften treated with stimulant drugs, instructions on regulating behavior, and parent training
11.3 Children with Special Challenges
Persistence of ADHD
Children with Mental Retardation
Only 25% organic mental retardation, majority are familial mental retardationDown Syndrome most common organic causeThe most severe forms are less common90% are mildly or educably retarded
11.3 Children with Special Challenges
Levels of Mental Retardation
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