Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. Crooks Chapter 11: Contraception Chapter 11 Contraception
Feb 25, 2016
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Chapter 11
Contraception
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Historical and Social Perspectives
• Evidence of contraception since the beginning of recorded history
• U.S. contraceptive efforts– 1800s Comstock laws – 1915: Margaret Sanger's – U.S. Supreme Court rulings
• Griswold vs. Connecticut• Eisenstadt vs. Baird
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Historical and Social Perspectives (cont.)
• Contemporary issues– planning for wanted children– physical health of mother– insurance coverage of contraceptives– population growth– cultural gender-role expectations– wide diversity of views among cultures and religious
leaders
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Historical and Social Perspectives (cont.)
Fig. 11.1 Average number of children, by mother’s education level and race/ethnicity in the United States.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Sharing Responsibility and Choosing a Birth Control Method
• How to share responsibility– ask about BC before intercourse– read & discuss options together– attend a class or clinic together– share expenses
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method
• Choosing a BC method– consider effectiveness and cost– consider ease of use and side effects– characteristics of ineffective use
• guilt• negative attitudes about sex• self-view
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Contraceptive Effectiveness• Failure Rate
– consistent use failure rate– typical use failure rate
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Contraceptive Effectiveness
Fig. 11.2 Factors to consider when choosing a birth control method.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Hormone-Based Contraceptives– combination pill– Triphasic pill– Constant-dose– Progestin-only pill
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
Table 11.3 Possible side effects with the birth control pill.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
– Vaginal ring– Transdermal patch– Depo-Provera
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Barrier Methods– Condom: sheath fits over erect penis
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
Fig. 11.5b A condom with a reservoir tip does not need to be twisted at the top as it is put on the penis.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Barrier Methods (cont.)– Female condom: sheath fits in vagina
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
Fig. 11.6b A female condom consists of two flexible polyurethane rings and a soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Vaginal spermicides: – foam– sponge– suppositories – creams– film
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Barrier Methods (cont.)– Diaphragm: latex dome – Cervical cap– Fem Cap– Lea’s Shield
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Barrier Methods (cont.)– Diaphragm: latex dome
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
Fig. 11.8e These figures illustrate the insertion and checking of a diaphragm.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Intrauterine Devices– affects sperm motility & viability– thicken cervical mucous – alter endometrial lining– impair tubal motility
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Emergency contraception– Hormonal: birth control pills taken within 72 hours of
unprotected intercourse– Copper-T IUD: inserted up to five days after
unprotected intercourse– Access issues
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Fertility Awareness Methods– Standard days method
– Mucus method: based on cyclical changes
– Calendar method: self- knowledge of fertility– Basal body-temperature
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.) • How to compute basal body temperature
Fig. 11.11 An example of a basal body temperature during a model menstrual cycle.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)
• Sterilization (female)– tubal sterilization
• Minilaparotomy• Laparoscopy• Culpotomy• Transcervical sterilization
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)• Sterilization (female)
Fig. 11.2 Female sterilization by laparoscopic ligation. Front view shows tubes after ligation.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Choosing a Birth Control Method (cont.)• Sterilization (cont.)
– Male vasectomy
Fig. 11.14 Male sterilization by vasectomy.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Less than Effective Methods
• Nursing– amenorrhea is common for a brief period after birth
while breastfeeding– 80% ovulate before first period– unreliable
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Less than Effective Methods (cont.)
• Withdrawal before ejaculation– difficult to judge when to withdraw– anxiety may lower pleasure– Cowper's gland fluid may carry sperm– any sperm on vulva may travel into vagina/uterus;
unreliable
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
Less than Effective Methods (cont.)
• Douching– sperm reach uterus in 1-2 minutes– douching may speed sperm along– irritates vaginal tissue– very ineffective
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
New Directions in Contraception
• For men– Testosterone & progestin may lower sperm count– GRH inhibitor (LHRH agonist) may lower number &
motility of sperm– Medications used for other purposes
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
New Directions in Contraception (cont.)
• For women– implants – new IUDs– new female condoms– spermicides with microbicides– immunocontraceptives
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 11: Contraception
New Directions in Contraception (cont.)
• For women (cont.)– one-sized & disposable diaphragms & cervical caps– spermicides containing microbicides, developed to
prevent STD’s– IUDs with different shapes & hormones