DNA AND GENES Chapter 11
Chapter 11. Chapter 11, Section 1 Determines an organism’s traits Produces proteins.
Jan 11, 2016
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DNA AND GENESChapter 11
DNA: THE MOLECULE OF
HEREDITYChapter 11, Section 1
DNA Determines an organism’s traits Produces proteins
DNA STRUCTURE Long Polymer of repeating subunits
(nucleotides)
NUCLEOTIDE 3 Parts:
Simple Sugar Deoxyribose
Phosphate Group Phosphate with 4 oxygen
Nitrogenous Base Carbon ring with 1 or more nitrogen Four types:
Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)
DEOXYRIBOSE
PHOSPHATE GROUP
NITROGENOUS BASE
NUCLEOTIDE
SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE Nucleotides form chains Phosphate group of one nucleotide
bonds to sugar of another nucleotide
NITROGENOUS BASES Complementary base pairs held with
weak hydrogen bondsAdenine and ThymineGuanine and Cytosine
JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK Discovered DNA structure Double Helix Also involved: Maurice Wilkins and the
other by Rosalind Franklin
NUCLEOTIDE Use white board
MAKE DNA Use white board
MAKE DNA Use laminated pieces
MAKE DNA Use Play-Doh
Circles for PhosphateSquares for SugarTriangles for Nitrogen Bases
GENETIC DIVERSITY Results from the differing sequences of
the four different nucleotides
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES Determine
relatednessevolutionary relationships
What would be closely related to the chimp?
DNA REPLICATION During interphase – before meiosis or
mitosis Four Steps
DNA REPLICATION – STEP 1 DNA double helix unzips Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous
bases split Result: 2 nucleotide strands with their
nitrogenous bases exposed
DNA REPLICATION – STEP 2
Base Pairing – free nucleotides base pair with exposed nucleotidesAdenine with ThymineGuanine with Cytosine
Result: each strand builds its complement
DNA REPLICATION – STEP 3
Sugar and phosphate parts of adjacent nucleotides bond
Result: new backbone for each strand
DNA REPLICATION – STEP 4
Two molecules of DNA are formed
Semi-Conservative Replication – each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one strand that has been newly synthesized from free nucleotides
SEMI CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION One strand of DNA is re-used The other strand is newly constructed
CRASH COURSE VIDEO
FROM DNA TO PROTEIN
Chapter 11, Section 2
PROTEINS Polymer made of amino acids
(monomer) Control bodily functions DNA is responsible for constructing
Use amino acids
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Composed of nucleotides Gives instructions on how to make
protein
RNA Ribonucleic acid Composed of nucleotides Single stranded Sugar = ribose Replaces thymine (nitrogenous base)
with uracilBase pairs with adenine
TYPES OF RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Brings info from DNA in the nucleus to cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomes clamp onto the mRNA and use
its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order
Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transports amino acids to the ribosome to assemble the protein
CODON On mRNA Each set of three nitrogen bases Codes for a specific amino acid
ANTICODON On tRNA Each set of three nitrogen bases Carries a specific amino acid
PROBLEM SOLVING LAB 11-2 Page 297 Answer all questions
Everyone needs to write answersAnswer can be written in notes
CODONS AND AMINO ACIDS
GENETIC CODE Universal ie: UAC codes for the amino acid
tyrosineALWAYS In bacteria, birch trees, bison and every
other living thing on the planet Evidence that all life on Earth evolved
from a common origin
DIVERSITY OF DNA Four nucleotides 20 Amino Acids Proteins are built from long chains of
DNADNA lined-up end-to-end in all the human
cells of an adult would stretch to about 60 billion miles (about 60 times the distance from the sun to Pluto, the outer most fake planet)
TRANSCRIPTION Double stranded DNA to single stranded
RNA mRNA
Sugar is now ribose Uracil is used (instead of thymine) Occurs in nucleus
Figure 3-181 of 5
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DNA
Gene
Promoter
Triplet 1
Triplet 2
Triplet 3
Triplet 4
1
2
3
4
Com
ple
men
tary
trip
lets
RNApolymerase
1
2
3
4
Codon1
RNAnucleotide
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
mRNAstrand
Codon1
Codon2
Codon3
Codon 4(stop signal)
Figure 3-182 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA
Gene
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
Figure 3-183 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA
Gene
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
Promoter
Triplet 1
Triplet 2
Triplet 3
Triplet 4
1
2
3
4
Com
ple
men
tary
trip
lets
RNApolymerase
1
2
3
4
Figure 3-184 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA
GeneCodon
1
RNAnucleotide
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
Promoter
Triplet 1
Triplet 2
Triplet 3
Triplet 4
1
2
3
4
Com
ple
men
tary
trip
lets
RNApolymerase
1
2
3
4
Figure 3-185 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA
GeneCodon
1
RNAnucleotide
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
mRNAstrand
Codon1
Codon2
Codon3
Codon 4(stop signal)
Promoter
Triplet 1
Triplet 2
Triplet 3
Triplet 4
1
2
3
4
Com
ple
men
tary
trip
lets
RNApolymerase
1
2
3
4
TRANSLATION From mRNA to protein Takes place at the ribosomes Uses tRNA
TRANSFER RNA Carry Anticodon
Opposite nitrogenous bases from codonUsed to attach to codon on mRNA
Carry 1 specific amino acid
TRANSLATION Happen on ribosome (made of rRNA and
protein) tRNA bring in first amino acid by attaching
it’s anticodon to mRNA’s codon Ribosome moves down Next tRNA brings in next amino acid by
attaching it’s anticodon to mRNA’s codon 2 amino acids bond First tRNA detaches Repeats until protein is constructed
Figure 3-191 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
KEY
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Amino acid
tRNA
Anticodon
tRNA binding sites
Smallribosomalsubunit
mRNA strandStart codon
The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple-mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.
The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand.
Largeribosomalsubunit
A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon.
Stopcodon
Peptide bond
The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives.
The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate.
Small ribosomalsubunit
Largeribosomalsubunit
Completedpolypeptide
Figure 3-192 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
KEY
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Amino acid
tRNA
Anticodon
tRNA binding sites
Smallribosomalsubunit
mRNA strandStart codon
The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple-mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.
Figure 3-193 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
KEY
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Amino acid
tRNA
Anticodon
tRNA binding sites
Smallribosomalsubunit
mRNA strandStart codon
The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple-mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.
The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand.
Largeribosomalsubunit
Figure 3-194 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
KEY
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Amino acid
tRNA
Anticodon
tRNA binding sites
Smallribosomalsubunit
mRNA strandStart codon
The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple-mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.
The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand.
Largeribosomalsubunit
A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon.
Stopcodon
Figure 3-195 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
KEY
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Amino acid
tRNA
Anticodon
tRNA binding sites
Smallribosomalsubunit
mRNA strandStart codon
The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple-mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.
The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand.
Largeribosomalsubunit
A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon.
Stopcodon
Peptide bond
The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3-196 of 6
KEY
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA)
Thymine
KEY
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Amino acid
tRNA
Anticodon
tRNA binding sites
Smallribosomalsubunit
mRNA strandStart codon
The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between comple-mentary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.
The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand.
Largeribosomalsubunit
A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon.
Stopcodon
Peptide bond
The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives.
The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate.
Small ribosomalsubunit
Largeribosomalsubunit
Completedpolypeptide
MINI LAB 11-1 Page 299 Answer all questions
CRASH COURSE VIDEO
GENETIC CHANGES
Chapter 11, Section 3
MUTATION Any change in the DNA sequence May
have large effect or no effectbe helpful or harmfulcause cancer lead to natural selection and evolutionoccur in reproductive cells or body cells
POINT MUTATION Change in a single base pair in the DNA Ie: THE DOG BIT THE CAT
THE DOG BIT THE CAR
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Single base is added or deleted from
DNA Shifts the reading of codons by one base Ie: THE DOG BIT THE CAT
THE DOG BIT ETH ECA T
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Disrupt distribution of genes to gametes
during meiosis Cause nondisjunction
Homologous chromosomes cannot pair correctly when they have an extra or are missing a part
TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Deletion
ABC DEF GHI ABC DFG HI
Insertion ABC DEF GHI ABC BCD EFG HI
Inversion ABC DEF GHI ADC BEF GHI
Translocation ABC DEF GHI and WXYZ WXA BCD EFG HI and YZ
PROBLEM SOLVING LAB 11-3 Page 305 Answer all questions
MINI LAB 11-2 Page 306 Answer all questions
MUTAGEN Anything that is capable of causing
mutations Ie: radiation (X-Rays, UV light, nuclear
energy), chemicals, high temperatures
REPAIRING DNA Mistakes rarely happen When they do, there are repair
mechanismsEnzymes
Greater exposure to mutagen, less chance the mistake will be corrected
TEST 19 Multiple Choice 12 Completion 5 Short Answer/Essay
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