Chapters 11, 12 Verb tense and aspect
Sep 07, 2015
Chapters 11, 12 Verb tense and aspect
Chapters 11, 12 Verb tense and aspect
1.Use of simple present p1252.Use of present progressive p1313.Simple present vs. present progressive4.Simple past p1285.Past progressive p1346.Simple past vs. past progressive7.Present perfective8. Present perfective vs. simple past9.Past perfectiveUse of simple present p125
1. Timeless present2. Habitual present3. Momentary and instantaneous present4. Referring to the futureUse of present progressive p131
1. To denote an action in progress at the moment of speakingWhat are you doing?Im writing a letter.2. An action in progress at a period of time including the presentHe is studying law while her sister is dong physics.I teach English at the college, but Im now teaching in a middle school.Simple present vs.
present progressive
I think you make a mistake.
Im thinking of attending a lecture. p112 stative to dynamic verbsSimple present to indicate stateProgressive to indicate actionUse of simple past p128
1. Past event and past habitHe arrived one hour ago.It was a terrible accident.He went to work by school bus in those days.He sold newspaper for a living.He has given up smoking, but a year ago he smoked 100 cigarettes a week.2.Attitudinal and hypothetical past
Attitudinal:to make the question/request /suggestion less direct.A: did you want me?B: yes, I wondered if you could lend me a hand.Want, wonder, think, hope.Hypothetical past (Subjunctive mood)
Its time we had a holiday.I wish you knew her name.If only he didnt drive so fast.If I had the money now, Id buy a car.If you went there by taxi, you could catch the train.Suppose he saw you do that, what would he say?Use of past progressive p134
1. An action in progress at a definite point or period of past time2. A past habitual action3. To denote futurity in the past4. To make polite requests and express hypothetical meaningsSimple past vs. past progressive
1. [Miss Smith is talking about how she got her first ad]Well, I was reading a book and a very worried- looking man rushed in and said Wheres everybody? Whats happening? and I explained that everyone was away sick with flu. And he said he needed an ad urgentlyThe farmer and the snake
While a farmer was Returning home one winters day, he found a snake lying under a hedge, half dead with cold. Taking pity on the creature, he placed it in his bosom and brought it home, where he laid it near the fire. No sooner was the snake restored by the warmth of the cottage than it began to attack the farmers wife and children. Hearing their cries, the farmer, whose compassion had saved the snakes life, rushed into the room, Grabbed an ax, and smashed the serpent until it was dead.3. Exercise:
E.g. I want to know about your action after the good news.A. what did you do when the news arrived?B. what were you doing when the ?1. I want to describe the situation at the party when I arrived.A. everyone danced.B. Everyone was dancing.Story goes on!
[Arrive; get on; leave; pull out; see; shout]It was a cold, dark morning, and a tall man in a black coat was standing on the station platform. Then the train arrived, and the man quickly got on. He left a small bag on the platform, and the trainChapter 12 Perfective
Perfective aspect has two chief uses: 1.finished by finished by now (present perfect) finished by then (past perfect) 2.lasting tilllasting till now (present perfect)lasting till then (past perfect)Present perfective1: the finished use
He has already closed all the windows.He has been to America twice.Ive never been to Australia. This refers to the fact that an action or state has finished by now. It emphasizes the present result (current relevance) of a past event still operative at the present moment. In the finished use, there is no adverbial expressing duration, but such adverbials as already, yet, just, ever, never, recently, n timesPresent Perfect vs. Simple Past 1
The lift has already broken down.
The lift broke down yesterday.
(We have to use the stairs.)
(We dont know whether or not it is working again now.)
I have repaired the car.
I repaired the car the day before yesterday.
(It is ok now.)
(But it still does not work now.)
1991
I have been to Shanghai twice. In 1991, I went there for the first time. Five years ago, I went there for the second time.President Kennedy has died. He died in the 1960s, so he has been dead (not has died) for about forty years.2. Lasting Use of Present Perfect
This use denotes that an action or state extends over a period lasting up to the present (current relevance), and possibly will extend to the future. It is usually accompanied by an adverbial expressing duration, such as since, for some time, until now, etc. indicating a state or a habit or a negative meaning non-occurrence of an event.Present Perfect vs. Simple Past 2
I have lived here for ten years. p141
I once lived here for ten years.
The journal has been published every month since 1850.
The journal was published every month from 1850 to 1888.
Florida has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.
Florida suffered from in the 1970s.
--present perfective: impact/effect on now;
simple past: no impact/effect on now.
Present Perfect vs. Simple Past 3
[news report]1. OUR ROADS THE SHAME OF EUROPEBritains motorways [vote] the second worst in Europe, according to a new survey. They are plagued by poor facilities, roadworks and bad signposting, says the motorists.Only Portugals motorways [be] rated worse than ours.What are the verb forms in English news (titles, the first para)
2. SAM DIES AT 109 The oldest man in Britain [die] aged 109-six weeks after taking the title. Sam Crabbe, from Cadgwith, Cornwall, [not give up] smoking until he was 98 and [enjoy] a nightly tot of whisky. He [be] taken ill just hours before his death.3. WOMAN WINS BIG PRIZEWoman in Madrid [win] five million dollars in lottery. Only [buy] one ticket. [Lose] it. [find] it in rubbish bin. [claim] prize.Ex 1
1. Its 7.30 a. m. the postman usually comes between 7.15 a. m. and 7.45 a. m.A. the postman hasnt come yet.lB. the postman didnt come this morning.2. Im talking about my trip around Eastern Europe last year.A. I havent been to prague.B. I didnt go to Prague.Past perfective
Similar to present perfective except that the reference time is not now, but a past time. The past time is sometimes explicit enough; many times it is implied in the context.1. finished before a past time.I had written the article when they came.He knew he had met her before.We realized that we had lost our way.Four ways to use past perfective
1. After reporting/thought verbs (indirect speech for past time)She said she hadnt seen him for ages.He told me hed actually died from his injuries you know.She revealed that the design for the building had been inspired by rock formations. I thought/believed I had finished the task.Ex :
1. There was this guy who [go] to work on the South Coast and when he first [arrive] he [stay] in his hotel that [be] badly build and one day he [turn] on the tap and there was the terrible noise he thought he [start] an earthquake.2. Well, I got on better with David really. Last time we [stay] in London we [share] a flat, because Ben [go] to America.Past perfective
Similar to present perfective except that the reference time is not now, but a past time.assignments
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