Chapter 10 The Urban World. Overview of Chapter 10 Population and Urbanization Characteristics of Urban Population Urbanization Trends City as.

Chapter 10Chapter 10The Urban WorldThe Urban World

Overview of Chapter 10Overview of Chapter 10

Population and UrbanizationPopulation and Urbanization Characteristics of Urban PopulationCharacteristics of Urban Population Urbanization TrendsUrbanization Trends

City as an EcosystemCity as an Ecosystem Environmental Problems in Urban AreasEnvironmental Problems in Urban Areas Environmental Benefits of UrbanizationEnvironmental Benefits of Urbanization

Urban Land Use PlanningUrban Land Use Planning Transportation and Urban DevelopmentTransportation and Urban Development Suburban SprawlSuburban Sprawl

Making Cities More SustainableMaking Cities More Sustainable

Population and UrbanizationPopulation and Urbanization

Milestone: As of 2008, half of the Milestone: As of 2008, half of the world’s population lives in urban world’s population lives in urban areasareas

Population and UrbanizationPopulation and Urbanization UrbanizationUrbanization

Process in which people increasingly move Process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely population citiesfrom rural areas to densely population cities

Jobs define urban vs. rural, not Jobs define urban vs. rural, not populationspopulations Rural area occupations involve harvesting Rural area occupations involve harvesting

natural resourcesnatural resources Urban area occupations involve jobs not Urban area occupations involve jobs not

connected with natural resourcesconnected with natural resources People are moving to cities due to People are moving to cities due to

decrease in employment opportunities in decrease in employment opportunities in rural areasrural areas

Characteristics of Urban Characteristics of Urban PopulationPopulation Basic characteristics of city Basic characteristics of city

populations:populations: Diverse population in terms of race, Diverse population in terms of race,

ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic statusstatus

Younger population than local rural areaYounger population than local rural area More males in developing nation citiesMore males in developing nation cities More females inMore females in

developed nationdeveloped nationcities cities

Urbanization TrendsUrbanization Trends Urbanization is increasing rapidlyUrbanization is increasing rapidly

Especially in developing countriesEspecially in developing countries Most of the world’s 10 largest cities Most of the world’s 10 largest cities

are in developing countriesare in developing countries

United States United States Urban Urban

Agglomerations Agglomerations

(Population of (Population of 50,000 or above)50,000 or above)

Urbanization TrendsUrbanization Trends Urban AgglomerationUrban Agglomeration

Urbanized core region that consists of Urbanized core region that consists of several adjunct cities or megacities and several adjunct cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbstheir surrounding developed suburbs

Substandard HousingSubstandard Housing Typically occupied Typically occupied

by squattersby squatters No city servicesNo city services

Water, sewage, Water, sewage, garbage collection, garbage collection, police and fire police and fire protectionprotection

1/3 of urban 1/3 of urban population in population in developing developing countries are countries are squatterssquatters

City as an EcosystemCity as an Ecosystem

Urban Ecosystem: A heterogeneous, Urban Ecosystem: A heterogeneous, studied in the context of a broader studied in the context of a broader ecological systemecological system

Studied based on four variables: POETStudied based on four variables: POET PopulationPopulation Organization Organization EnvironmentEnvironment TechnologyTechnology

Cities are dynamic open Cities are dynamic open systemssystems

Environmental Problems in Environmental Problems in Urban AreasUrban Areas

Growing urban areas affect land use Growing urban areas affect land use patternspatterns Fragment wildlifeFragment wildlife Encroach wetlands, forests, desert, etc.Encroach wetlands, forests, desert, etc.

Impermeable surfaces and urban Impermeable surfaces and urban runoff discharged into waterwaysrunoff discharged into waterways Motor oil, lawn fertilizers, heavy metalsMotor oil, lawn fertilizers, heavy metals

Noise pollutionNoise pollution

Environmental Problems in Environmental Problems in Urban AreasUrban Areas

BrownfieldsBrownfields Urban areas of Urban areas of

abandoned abandoned industrial or industrial or residential sites residential sites that may be that may be contaminated contaminated from past usefrom past use

Environmental Problems in Environmental Problems in Urban AreasUrban Areas

Long commutesLong commutes Buildup of emissions due to cars and Buildup of emissions due to cars and

industryindustry Urban heat islandUrban heat island

Local heat buildup in an area of high Local heat buildup in an area of high population densitypopulation density

Affect local air currents and weather Affect local air currents and weather conditionsconditions

Contribute to buildup of pollutants- dust Contribute to buildup of pollutants- dust domesdomes

Temperature variations on a summer Temperature variations on a summer afternoonafternoon

Urban Heat IslandUrban Heat Island

Environmental Benefits of Environmental Benefits of UrbanizationUrbanization

Well-planned city can benefit the Well-planned city can benefit the environmentenvironment Reduces pollutionReduces pollution Preserves rural areasPreserves rural areas

Compact DevelopmentCompact Development Design of cities where residential Design of cities where residential

buildings are close to shopping, jobs and buildings are close to shopping, jobs and public transportationpublic transportation

Urban Land Use PlanningUrban Land Use Planning

Process of deciding the best use for Process of deciding the best use for undeveloped land in a given areaundeveloped land in a given area

Based on economic concerns Based on economic concerns Influenced by political and economic Influenced by political and economic

factorsfactors Regulated through zoningRegulated through zoning

CommercialCommercial ResidentialResidential IndustrialIndustrial Property owners must meet zoning Property owners must meet zoning

ordinancesordinances

Transportation and Urban Transportation and Urban DevelopmentDevelopment

Transportation Transportation availability availability affects city’s affects city’s spatial spatial structurestructure

Ex: An east Ex: An east coast US citycoast US city ((a) 1700-1850a) 1700-1850 (b) 1850-1910(b) 1850-1910 (c) 20th century(c) 20th century

Suburban SprawlSuburban Sprawl

Suburban SprawlSuburban Sprawl Patchwork of vacant and developed Patchwork of vacant and developed

tracts around the edges of citiestracts around the edges of cities ProblemsProblems

Loss of wetlandsLoss of wetlands Air & water pollutionAir & water pollution Loss of biologicalLoss of biological

habitathabitat

Suburban SprawlSuburban Sprawl

Smart Growth: urban planning and Smart Growth: urban planning and transportation strategy that mixes transportation strategy that mixes land usesland uses CommercialCommercial ManufacturingManufacturing EntertainmentEntertainment HousingHousing

At least 11 states currently using At least 11 states currently using these management lawsthese management laws

Making Cities More Making Cities More SustainableSustainable Characteristics of a sustainable cityCharacteristics of a sustainable city

Clear, cohesive urban growth policiesClear, cohesive urban growth policies Efficient use of energy and other Efficient use of energy and other

resources resources Reduction of pollution and wasteReduction of pollution and waste Large areas of green spaceLarge areas of green space Designed to be people-centers, not car-Designed to be people-centers, not car-

centeredcentered Food grown IN the city (rooftop gardens)Food grown IN the city (rooftop gardens) Compact developmentCompact development

Copenhagen, DenmarkCopenhagen, DenmarkA People-centered CityA People-centered City

Sustainable CitiesSustainable CitiesCase in Point - Curitiba, Case in Point - Curitiba, BrazilBrazil