Chapter 10 sec 1 Jacksonian Democracy Why do you think Jackson was a popular presidential candidate?

Chapter 10 sec 1Chapter 10 sec 1

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

Why do you think Why do you think Jackson was a popular Jackson was a popular presidential candidate?presidential candidate?

Expansion of DemocracyExpansion of Democracy Wealth seemed to be Wealth seemed to be

concentrating into fewer hands. concentrating into fewer hands. Many ordinary Americans felt Many ordinary Americans felt behind.behind.

Hoping for change, small farmers, Hoping for change, small farmers, frontier settlers, and slaveholders frontier settlers, and slaveholders rallied behind reform-minded rallied behind reform-minded Andrew Jackson, the popular hero Andrew Jackson, the popular hero of War of 1812 and presidential of War of 1812 and presidential candidate in the 1824 election.candidate in the 1824 election.

They believed Jackson would They believed Jackson would defend the rights of common defend the rights of common people and the slave states.people and the slave states.

Jackson’s popularityJackson’s popularity Common people were bitterly disappointed Common people were bitterly disappointed

when Jackson lost the 1824 election to John when Jackson lost the 1824 election to John Quincy Adams because of the decision Quincy Adams because of the decision made by the House of Representatives.made by the House of Representatives.

Many democratic reforms were made during Many democratic reforms were made during this time. Some states changed their this time. Some states changed their qualification for voters to grant more white qualification for voters to grant more white suffrage.suffrage.

Political parties began holding public Political parties began holding public nominating conventions, where party nominating conventions, where party members choose the party’s candidates.members choose the party’s candidates.

Election of 1828Election of 1828

Jackson supporters Jackson supporters were determined were determined that their candidate that their candidate would win the 1828 would win the 1828 election.election.

They formed the They formed the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party to to support Jackson’s support Jackson’s candidacy.candidacy.

RematchRematch Rematch of the 1824 electionRematch of the 1824 election Once again John Quincy Adams faced Jackson in Once again John Quincy Adams faced Jackson in

the 1828 election.the 1828 election. The 1828 campaign focused a great deal on The 1828 campaign focused a great deal on

candidates’ personalities. candidates’ personalities. Jackson born poor and rose to success through his own Jackson born poor and rose to success through his own

hard work and was a War of 1812 hero.hard work and was a War of 1812 hero. Adams was a Harvard graduate whose father had been Adams was a Harvard graduate whose father had been

the second U.S. president.the second U.S. president. Jackson’s supporters describe Adams as being out Jackson’s supporters describe Adams as being out

of touch with everyday people.of touch with everyday people. Even a supporter of Adams described him, “as Even a supporter of Adams described him, “as

cold as a lump of ice.”cold as a lump of ice.” When the ballots were counted Jackson had When the ballots were counted Jackson had

defeated Adams, winning a record number of defeated Adams, winning a record number of popular votes.popular votes.

Jackson’s InaugurationJackson’s Inauguration A crowd cheered A crowd cheered

outside the Capital outside the Capital as he took his oath as he took his oath of office.of office.

The massive crowd The massive crowd followed Jackson to followed Jackson to a huge party on the a huge party on the White House lawn. White House lawn.

The few Police The few Police officers on hand had officers on hand had difficulty controlling difficulty controlling the partygoers.the partygoers.

Jackson’s InaugurationJackson’s Inauguration

People’s PresidentPeople’s President

Read top of page 324 in your book.Read top of page 324 in your book. ““What a scene did we witness!….a What a scene did we witness!….a

rabble, a mob, of boys….women, rabble, a mob, of boys….women, children, scrambling, fighting, children, scrambling, fighting, romping….Cut glass and china to the romping….Cut glass and china to the amount of several thousand dollars had amount of several thousand dollars had been broken…But it was the people’s been broken…But it was the people’s day, and the people’s President and the day, and the people’s President and the people would rule.”people would rule.” Margaret Bayard Smith, quoted in Eyewitness Margaret Bayard Smith, quoted in Eyewitness

to America.to America.

Jackson’s FriendsJackson’s Friends

As president, Jackson rewarded some of his As president, Jackson rewarded some of his supporters with government jobs.supporters with government jobs.

This spoils system – the practice of giving This spoils system – the practice of giving government jobs to political backersgovernment jobs to political backers – comes – comes from the saying “to the victor belong the spoils from the saying “to the victor belong the spoils (valued goods) of the enemy.”(valued goods) of the enemy.”

Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was one of Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was one of Jackson’s strongest allies in his official cabinet.Jackson’s strongest allies in his official cabinet.

Jackson also relied a great deal on his Kitchen Jackson also relied a great deal on his Kitchen Cabinet an informal group of trusted advisors Cabinet an informal group of trusted advisors who sometimes met in the White House who sometimes met in the White House kitchen.kitchen.

Andrew Jackson Fun FactsAndrew Jackson Fun Facts Walked from Mississippi to Tennessee on foot. Gave Walked from Mississippi to Tennessee on foot. Gave

his horse to a wounded soldier.his horse to a wounded soldier. At age 13, joined the army to fight the British and was At age 13, joined the army to fight the British and was

captured.captured. Caught smallpox while in prison, but recovered. Caught smallpox while in prison, but recovered.

However, his mother also caught the disease and However, his mother also caught the disease and died, leaving her son as an orphan at the age of 14.died, leaving her son as an orphan at the age of 14.

In order to win the Battle of New Orleans, pardoned In order to win the Battle of New Orleans, pardoned the French pirate Jean Lafitte.the French pirate Jean Lafitte.

The British, who lost over 1,900 men turned and fled.The British, who lost over 1,900 men turned and fled. Americans lost only 17 men.Americans lost only 17 men. Had a bullet lodge within two inches of his heart – the Had a bullet lodge within two inches of his heart – the

result of a duel he fought before becoming president.result of a duel he fought before becoming president.

PrisonerPrisoner

Andrew and his brother Robert Andrew and his brother Robert Jackson were taken as prisoners, and Jackson were taken as prisoners, and they nearly starved to death. When they nearly starved to death. When Andrew refused to clean the boots of Andrew refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat a British officer, the irate redcoat slashed at him, giving him scars on slashed at him, giving him scars on his left hand and head, as well as an his left hand and head, as well as an intense hatred for the British.intense hatred for the British.

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Assignment Assignment

Read Pages 322-324Read Pages 322-324

Answer 1b, 2b, 2cAnswer 1b, 2b, 2c

Please write using complete Please write using complete sentences.sentences.

Chapter 10 sec 2Chapter 10 sec 2

Jackson’s Jackson’s AdministrationAdministration

Three Regions EmergeThree Regions Emerge There were three main U.S. regions in the early 1800s.There were three main U.S. regions in the early 1800s. The North, first of all, had an economy based on trade The North, first of all, had an economy based on trade

and on manufacturing.and on manufacturing. Northerners supported tariffs because tariffs helped Northerners supported tariffs because tariffs helped

them compete with British factories.them compete with British factories. Northerners also opposed the federal government’s Northerners also opposed the federal government’s

sale of public land at cheap price.sale of public land at cheap price. Second region was the south. Second region was the south. Its economy was based on farming. Its economy was based on farming. Cash crops: cotton and tobaccoCash crops: cotton and tobacco

SouthSouth Southerners sold crops to foreign nations.Southerners sold crops to foreign nations. Southerners imported their manufacturing Southerners imported their manufacturing

goods.goods. Tariffs made imported goods more expensive Tariffs made imported goods more expensive

for southern farmers. In addition, high tariffs for southern farmers. In addition, high tariffs angered some of the South’s European trading angered some of the South’s European trading partners.partners.

Southerner trading partners would likely raise Southerner trading partners would likely raise their own tariffs in retaliation.their own tariffs in retaliation.

Southerners called for low tariffs.Southerners called for low tariffs. Southerners also relied on slavery. The issue of Southerners also relied on slavery. The issue of

slavery would become increasingly slavery would become increasingly controversial between the North and South.controversial between the North and South.

Third Region Third Region

The western frontier was just emerging. The western frontier was just emerging. Settlers favored policies that boosted Settlers favored policies that boosted

their farming economy and encouraged their farming economy and encouraged further settlement.further settlement.

Their biggest concern was cheap land Their biggest concern was cheap land and internal improvements such as and internal improvements such as better roads and water transportation.better roads and water transportation.

Tariff AbominationTariff Abomination

Tariffs became one of the first issues Tariffs became one of the first issues that President Jackson faced. that President Jackson faced. In 1827, the year before Jackson In 1827, the year before Jackson

campaign, northern manufacturers campaign, northern manufacturers began to demand a tariff on imported began to demand a tariff on imported woolen goods.woolen goods.

Northerners wanted the tariff to protect Northerners wanted the tariff to protect their industries from foreign competition.their industries from foreign competition.

Tariff AbominationTariff Abomination British companies were driving American British companies were driving American

companies out of business with their companies out of business with their inexpensive manufactured goods.inexpensive manufactured goods.

Tariffs were so high that importing wool would Tariffs were so high that importing wool would be impossible.be impossible.

Before Jackson took office, Congress placed a Before Jackson took office, Congress placed a high tariff on imports. Angry southerners called high tariff on imports. Angry southerners called it the Tariff of Abomination. Southerners were it the Tariff of Abomination. Southerners were outraged.outraged.

The new tariff added fuel to the growing The new tariff added fuel to the growing sectional differences plaguing the young sectional differences plaguing the young nation.nation.

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis

John C. Calhoun had supported strong John C. Calhoun had supported strong central government.central government.

But in 1828, when Congress passed the But in 1828, when Congress passed the Tariff of Abominations, Calhoun joined his Tariff of Abominations, Calhoun joined his fellow southerners in protest. Economic fellow southerners in protest. Economic depression and previous tariffs had depression and previous tariffs had severely damaged the economy of his severely damaged the economy of his home state, South Carolina.home state, South Carolina.

Some leaders in the state even spoke of Some leaders in the state even spoke of leaving the Union over the issue of tariffs.leaving the Union over the issue of tariffs.

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis Calhoun believed states had the right to Calhoun believed states had the right to

nullify, or reject, any federal law they judged nullify, or reject, any federal law they judged to be unconstitutional.to be unconstitutional.

Calhoun believed state power should be Calhoun believed state power should be greater than federal government.greater than federal government.

Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest.and Protest.

Conflict between the supporters and the Conflict between the supporters and the opponents of nullification deepened. The opponents of nullification deepened. The dispute became know as the nullification crisis.dispute became know as the nullification crisis.

Although Calhoun chose not to put his name Although Calhoun chose not to put his name on his Exposition and Protest, he did resign on his Exposition and Protest, he did resign from the vice presidency.from the vice presidency.

Copy the graphCopy the graph

The Hayne-Webster The Hayne-Webster DebateDebate

Robert Y. Hayne, Robert Y. Hayne, senator from South senator from South Carolina, defended Carolina, defended states rights.states rights.

He argued that He argued that nullification gave nullification gave states a way to states a way to lawfully protest lawfully protest federal legislation.federal legislation.

The Hayne – Webster The Hayne – Webster DebateDebate

Daniel Webster of Daniel Webster of Massachusetts Massachusetts argued that the argued that the United States was United States was one nation, not a pact one nation, not a pact among independent among independent states.states.

He believed that the He believed that the welfare of the nation welfare of the nation should override that should override that of individual states.of individual states.

Jackson RespondsJackson Responds Although deeply opposed to Nullification Jackson Although deeply opposed to Nullification Jackson

was concerned about economic problems in the was concerned about economic problems in the southern states.southern states.

South Carolina’s first action was to pass the South Carolina’s first action was to pass the Nullification Act, which declared the 1828 tariffs Nullification Act, which declared the 1828 tariffs “null, void…(and not) binding upon this State, its “null, void…(and not) binding upon this State, its officers or citizens.”officers or citizens.”

S.C. threatened to leave the Union if federal S.C. threatened to leave the Union if federal troops were used to collect duties. State troops were used to collect duties. State legislation also voted to form its own army. legislation also voted to form its own army. Jackson was furious.Jackson was furious.

The president sternly condemned nullification.The president sternly condemned nullification.

Jackson Attacks the BankJackson Attacks the Bank

He opposed the Second Bank of the United States.He opposed the Second Bank of the United States. The Second Bank of the United States was given a The Second Bank of the United States was given a

20-year charter. This charter gave it the power to 20-year charter. This charter gave it the power to act exclusively as the federal government’s act exclusively as the federal government’s financial agent.financial agent.

Many farmers in the South felt the banks only Many farmers in the South felt the banks only helped wealthy business people.helped wealthy business people.

Jackson also question the legality of the Bank.Jackson also question the legality of the Bank. He believed it was an unconstitutional extension He believed it was an unconstitutional extension

of the power of Congress. The states, he thought, of the power of Congress. The states, he thought, should have the power to control the banking should have the power to control the banking system.system.

States ActionStates Action Some states decided to take action. Some states decided to take action. Maryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the Maryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the

Bank’s operations.Bank’s operations. James McCulloch, cashier of the Bank’s branch James McCulloch, cashier of the Bank’s branch

in Maryland, refused to pay the tax.in Maryland, refused to pay the tax. The state took him to court, and the resulting The state took him to court, and the resulting

case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme court. McCulloch v. Maryland the court ruled court. McCulloch v. Maryland the court ruled that the national bank was constitutional.that the national bank was constitutional.

Jackson also weakened the Bank’s power by Jackson also weakened the Bank’s power by moving most of its funds to state banks.moving most of its funds to state banks.

State BanksState Banks In many cases, these banks used the funds to offer easy In many cases, these banks used the funds to offer easy

credit terms to people buying land. While this practice credit terms to people buying land. While this practice helped expansion in the West, it also led to inflation.helped expansion in the West, it also led to inflation.

Jackson tried to slow inflation.Jackson tried to slow inflation. He ordered Americans to use only gold or silver – instead He ordered Americans to use only gold or silver – instead

of paper state-bank notes – to buy government-owned of paper state-bank notes – to buy government-owned land.land.

Jackson chose not to run in 1836. Many people believed Jackson chose not to run in 1836. Many people believed Jackson was using his power like a king.Jackson was using his power like a king.

Thus they formed a new party called the Whig Party.Thus they formed a new party called the Whig Party. Whig party favored a weak president and strong central Whig party favored a weak president and strong central

government.government. Jackson’s banking policies and his unsuccessful plan to Jackson’s banking policies and his unsuccessful plan to

curb inflation contributed to the panic.curb inflation contributed to the panic. This lead to the Panic of 1837 – a severe economic This lead to the Panic of 1837 – a severe economic

depression.depression.