Chapter 10

1 Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e

Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris

© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Multicultural Law Enforcement and Terrorism: Overview, Response Strategies, and

Multicultural Communities

Chapter 10





Learning Objectives for Chapter 10

Describe the role that law enforcement holds in the war on terrorism within multicultural communities

Review the skills needed in diverse communities to prevent and to deal with the aftermath of terrorism

Highlight the complexities of solving crimes involving terrorism





Learning Objectives for Chapter 10

Provide specific response strategies in terms of collaborative and partnership work within local, state, and federal agencies

Delineate recommendations for law enforcement officers and other emergency services personnel in actively responding to terrorism within multicultural communities





Definitions

Terrorism:

A violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any segment to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

U.S. Department of Justice (1997)





Definitions

The FBI (1996) defines two types of terrorism that occur in the United States:

Domestic terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government, organizations, or population without foreign direction.

International terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside of the United States or whose activities transcend national boundaries.





Historical Background

Terrorism has always been a part of organized society

Targets and tactics of terrorists have changed over time

Today’s terrorists attack a wider range of targets that have been considered immune historically

Work of law enforcement extremely challenging and solutions require a high level of sophistication





Myths and Stereotypes About Terrorists

Arab and Middle Eastern nationality or ethnic/cultural background

Insane and/or behave like automatons

Not as skillful or professional as U.S. Law enforcement officers and personnel





Key Attitudes and Skills Important for Law Enforcement

Respecting cultural behaviors that may be different from one’s own

Observing and understanding behaviors important to diverse communities

Analyzing and interpreting diverse behaviors for application in multicultural communities





Changing Perceptions of Who the Terrorists Are

Anyone could be a terrorist

Learn to acknowledge the terrorist’s motivation, skills, and capabilities

Observe and interpret street-level behaviors

Analyze and utilize intelligence and other sources of information





Global, National, Regional, or Local?

Targets and methods of terrorists are more diverse

General trend of fewer attacks in the U.S.

Individual attacks are more deadly

America and Americans have been a favorite choice of targets for terrorists





Domestic or International Terrorism?

Some useful clues:

Time of the event

Occupancy, location, and purpose related to the target

Controversial businessesPublic buildings and venuesSymbolic and historical targets Infrastructure systems and services





First-Response Challenge for Law Enforcement

Law enforcement officers as “first responders”

Dealing with the attack Residual effects of weapons of mass destruction

(WMD) Dealing with secondary devices and attacks Officers’ safety and self-protection





Forms of Self-Protection for WMD

Key Principles

Time

Distance

Shielding





RESPONSE STRATEGIES





Detecting and Preventing Attacks of Terrorism

Using some of the same skills in identifying the criminal behaviors of potential terrorists

Recognizing the Terrorist Attack Pre-Incident Indicators (TAPIs)

Employing behavior-recognition profiles to detect criminals and terrorists

Applying multicultural knowledge and skills





Law Enforcement Response to Terrorism

Initial considerations and assessment

Perimeter control

Public safety and protection considerations

Crime scene security considerations





Evaluation of the Incident Area

Importance of multicultural knowledge:Establishing control zone for public safetyConsideration for large, extended familiesEffective communication networks and the use of

community leadersAvailability of translators and interpretersSacred and religious structures





Public Safety and Protection Considerations

Evaluation of all threatened and affected populations

Protect-in-place for all

Combination of evacuation and

protect-in-place





Considerations in Evacuating Multicultural Communities

Degree of severity of public dangerNumber of individuals or size of populationResources available to evacuateNotification and instructional resourcesRoute securityOpportunity to implement plansSpecial needs of evacuees





Incident Command Systems for Coordination of Multiple Response Agencies

Crisis management—Presidential Decision Directive-39 (PDD-39)

Federal Response Plan (FRP)

FBI and FEMA coordination with local public safety agencies





Law Enforcement Coordination of Efforts

Preparation and planning

Cost of deployment

Access to intelligence and informational databases

Multi-jurisdictional training and rehearsal





Building Community Networks and Resources

Detect and deter terrorist incidents and attacks

Obtain critical information

Develop trust and positive relationships with multicultural communities

Access to the ethnic and multicultural media for communication





Other Key Issues in Law Enforcement

False tips from informants

Training to heighten awareness

Extension of community policing approaches

Chapter 10

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