Chapter 10 & 11

Chapter 10

Graphic design and illustration

• Graphic design – Visual presentation of information– the goal is communication of a specific message– Usually trying to sell something or give directions

• Sometimes called commercial art– At SIU they call the degree a communications

design

Examples of things that are designed before production

• Books • Book jackets• Newspapers • Magazines• Advertisements • Packaging• Websites • CD covers• Road signs • Logos• Television & film credits

How old is graphic design art?• Since the beginning of civilization

• Written languages• Symbols

• Today’s graphic design is rooted in– Invention of the printing press, 15th century

• Reproduction and distribution

– Industrial Revolution, 18th-19th centuriesIncreased commercial applications

– Prior, most products were local – After, mass manufacturing

symbols

• Most basic level of communication• Letters are symbols

Ω Ж Φ Ш М• Even arrows had to be developed

→ Δ

yin yang – dynamic balance of opposites, explains existence

female/male being/nonbeinglight/darkaction/inaction

opposites are mutually interdependent

both are necessary to make the whole

Symbols have no meaning in themselves, they are given meaning by society.

The swastika dates back to Neolithic Europe, up to 5,700 yrs ago. Svastika = Sanskrit for good luck.

India

US Dept of Transportation,

1974

developed to communicate to

international travelersby

Cook and Shanosky Associates

logos

typography

• The arrangement and appearance of letters• Calligraphy • Font, typeface

• People began to pay special attention to this with the invention of movable type, 1450

• Sometimes designers will create their own lettering• Sometimes designers use a combination of

typefaces

Joan Dobkin, leaflet for Amnesty International, 1991

Textbook, pg 243

layout

• Blueprint for how an extended work such as a book or magazine should look– The way a page or a pair of pages are balanced• Using smaller and larger shapes• Using darker and lighter colors• Generally asymmetrical• Looking for a visual appeal

posters/ads

• Color lithography (19th century) brought about eye-catching posters– Color wasn’t practical in magazines or newspapers

• Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec– Flat simplified forms influenced by Japanese prints– Immediately collector’s items

Toulouse-Lautrec

Toulouse-Lautrec

Constructivism – a graphic design art movement after the

Russian Revolution of 1917

They had high hopes to create a new society, wanted to make

art for the masses, not the elite. They used bold compositions.

During the 1930s, the Soviet gov’t abolished independent

artist groups, the gov’t demanded all art to be clear,

easy to understand & realistic.Poster for the 1930 film "Earth" by the Stenberg brothers

Milton Glaser, 1996

illustration• An image created to accompany words– Books - Poems– Magazines - Newspapers

• Illustration is a different kind of environment for artists– Tight deadlines– The work is usually thrown away• Illustrators usually find ways to work quickly but still

create striking images

Norman Rockwelldid about 6 covers a year for

The Saturday evening Post for over 40 yrs.

He did 322 covers for TSEP

Rockwell’s last cover for the Post1960, 1963

Norman Rockwell, lithograph, 1942

Part of The Four Freedoms series.

Norman Rockwell

He also worked for the Boy Scouts, and he illustrated over 40 books.

He produced over 4000 original works.

Alan Lee

John Howe

Ted Nasmith

End of chapter 10

• Except digital realms…….

Chapter 11Sculpture and Installation

Sculpture

Maman, Louise Bourgeois, 1999, Bronze, steel and marble, St. Petersburg, Russia

Sculpture

• Sculpture is 3D, the third dimension is depth• One of the most ancient art forms– Still very exciting today • New materials–Metal, wood, stone– fiberglass, fabric, actual light, flowers

• Installation – incorporates the entire exhibit space

4 basic methods for making sculpture

• Modeling Additive process

• Assembling Additive process

• Carving Subtractive process

• Casting Liquid is poured into a mold to harden

Modeling• The most direct sculpture method• Most common material is clay• The pliable material is shaped and

formed with hands and tools– Pinching, smoothing– Gouging, scratching, making textures

• More material can be added• While kept wet, clay can be worked

and reworked indefinitely

Ife head, terracotta, Africa,probably 12-14th centuries

Olmec baby-face figurine, hollow, whiteware ceramicsMesoamerica, 1400-400BCE

Venus of Dolní Věstonice, clay, before 25,000 BCE

Casting

• Very indirect method of forming sculpture– Sometimes an artist never touches the finished work

• Bronze is the most common association with casting

– the metal can be superheated until it flows easily to be poured into a mold

– It hardens to extreme durability

Somaskanda (Shiva and his wife Uma)12th century, Chola dynasty, Bronze

Ife, bronze casting from Yoruba, 13th century

lost-wax casting

• 5000 year history• Simple and ingenious• Textbook, pg 254• http://www.andresteadsculpture.com/casting.php• Sometimes sculptures are cast in pieces and then

assembled, welded together over an armature• Usually the mold is reusable & multiples are made• The sculptures are not solid• Other materials besides metal can be used for finished

cast artworks: fiberglass, resin,

Vaquero, Luis Jimenez, Modeled 1980, cast 1990. Height 16’7”

Acrylic, urethane, fiberglass, steel armature.

The Thinker, Rodin, 1879-89

The Burghers of Calais, Rodin, 1884

carving• More aggressive than modeling, more direct

than casting• Sculptor begins with a block of material– Wood, stone, plaster• Jade is too hard to be carved, can only be shaped

through abrasion• Basalt – a volcanic stone used by the Olmec

– The grain must be considered when carving

Dagger with horse head pommel. India, Mughal dynasty, 17th century. Blade: Damascus steel inlaid with gold; hilt: jade with carved decoration, inlaid with gold and semi-precious stones.

Colossal head of La Venta, Mexico,Olmec, 700 BCE

Olowe of Ise, Bowl with figures, early 20th century, wood, pigment, height 25”

Olowe of Ise

“The Dying Gaul” marble, 3rd cen BCE, a roman copy of Hellenistic bronze

Michelangelo’s Pieta

assembling

• Assemblage - Individual parts can be placed on or near each other

• Construction – the pieces are joined together• Sometimes the parts are called “found objects”

Joseph Cornell, 1945

Joseph Cornell, 1936

Joseph Cornell, 1943

Meret Oppenheim, Object, 1936gazelle fur covered teacup, saucer & spoon

Alexander Calder

Alice Aycock, "The Uncertainty of Ground State Fluctuations," installation view in Clayton, Missouri (2007)

John Kearney, chromed car bumperswww.cedarhurst.org

John Kearney

Sculpture

• Low relief – the subject projects very slightly from the background– A coin, carved doors, an Egyptian tomb wall

• High relief – the subject projects much more boldly from the background– Projects at least half its depth

• sculpture “in the round” – the viewer can walk completely around the sculpture, the view from all sides is interesting– Sometimes there is still a front and back

Pharaoh Akhenaten with his wife Nefertiti and daughters. Sometimes called sunken relief or intaglio

Roman frieze

Lapith fighting a centaur, Parthenon, ca. 447–433 BC

Lorenzo Ghiberti, Gates of Paradise

Ghiberti, Gates of Paradise, detail

Ghiberti, 1401

earthwork

• Art made for a specific place usually using the materials found on the site

Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970 - present

Spiral Jetty

Serpent Mound, Ohio, 1070,overall length 1300’

Serpent Mound

Nazca Lines, Peru, 200BCE-700CE

Nazca linesThe lines are shallow designs made in the ground by removing the ubiquitous

reddish pebbles and uncovering the whitish ground beneath.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude, pg 275 http://www.christojeanneclaude.net/#

The Umbrellas, Japan, 1991

The Umbrellas, California

Reichstag, Berlin, Germany

Wrapped Reichstag, 1995

Valley Curtain, Colorado, 1972

Running Fence, Sonoma, California, 1976

Jeff Koons, Puppy, 1992+, live flowering plants, earth, geotextile, internal irrigation system

End of chapter