Chapter 10 · Chapter 10 . 10-2 “We Need to ... 10-27 Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics •Contractor agrees to produce system for less than what really costs –Time and materials

Development Processes

Chapter 10

10-2

“We Need to Support Other Watches and Mobile Devices, and

at Least Android Phones.”

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• Three doctors are partners and sole owners of Austin

Cardiac Surgery.

• Meeting to determine what to do next.

• Need to define and document business procedures, train

staff, involve other partners.

• Make system more available on more devices.

• Strategic implication: Spin off PRIDE as separate business?

10-3

Bottom Line

• Know the difference between an application program and a

system.

• PRIDE needs an IS, not just an application. Both business

and systems analysts have a role.

• When developing inter-enterprise systems, anticipate.

procedural and usage problems and understand there will be

differences in interest, motivation, and rewards for using new

system.

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10-4

Study Questions

Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Q3: How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model

processes?

Q4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q7: 2024?

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10-5

Q1: How Are Business Processes, IS, and

Applications Developed?

Application: combination of

hardware, software, and data

components that accomplishes

a set of requirements.

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10-6

Relationship of Business Processes and Information

Systems

Every information system has at least one application

because every IS includes a software component.

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10-7

How Do Business Processes, Information Systems,

and Applications Differ and Relate?

1. Business processes, information systems, and applications

have different characteristics and components.

2. Relationship of business processes to information systems

is many-to-many, or N:M.

– A business process need not relate to any information

system, but an information system relates to at least one

business process.

3. Every IS has at least one application because every IS has

a software component.

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10-8

Which Development Processes Are Used for Which?

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10-9

Role of Development Personnel

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10-10

Q2: How Do Organizations Use Business Process

Management (BPM)?

• Business process - a network of activities, repositories,

roles, resources, and flows that interact to accomplish a

business function.

• Activities - a collections of related tasks that receive inputs

and produce outputs.

• Repository - a collection of something.

• Inventory - a physical repository.

• Database - a data repository.

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New Terms

• Roles - a collections of activities.

• Resources - are people or computer applications assigned

to roles.

• Flow

– Control flow - directs the order of activities.

– Data flow - movement of data among activities and

repositories.

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10-12

Why Do Processes Need Management?

Processes are

dynamic and

often need to be

changed

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Why Do Process Need Management? (cont'd)

Three fundamental reasons

1. Improve process quality.

2. Change in technology.

3. Change in business fundamentals.

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10-14

Examples of Change in Business Fundamentals

• Market (e.g., new customer category, change in customer

characteristics)

• Product lines

• Supply chain

• Company policy

• Company organization (e.g., merger, acquisition)

• Internationalization

• Business environment

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10-15

Q2: What Are the Business Process Management

(BPM)?

Stages in

the BPM

Cycle

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10-16

Q3: How Is Business Process Modeling Notation

(BPMN) Used to Model Processes?

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Documenting As-Is

Business Order

Process: Existing

Order Process

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10-18

Check

Customer

Credit

Process

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Q4: What Are the Phases in the Systems

Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

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10-20

SDLC: Definition Phase

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10-21

Role of a Prototype

• Provides user direct experience.

• Can be expensive to create.

• Parts often reused

– PRIDE code that generates smartphone display can be

reused in the operational system.

• Cost occurs early, sometimes before full project funding

available.

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10-22

SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase

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10-23

SDLC: Component Design Phase

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10-24

Design and Implementation for the Five Components

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10-25

SDLC: System Maintenance Phase

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10-26

Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics

• Estimating just “theory.” Average of many people’s guesses.

• Buy-in game.

• Projects start with overly optimistic schedules and cost

estimates.

• When is a buy-in within accepted boundaries of conduct?

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10-27

Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics

• Contractor agrees to produce system for less than what really costs

– Time and materials contract

– Fixed-cost contract

• In-house projects often started with buy-ins

– Projects often start with hopes of more money later

– Team members disagree about costs. Do you report it?

– Not all costs included in initial estimates. Report it?

• Do you buy-in on project schedule if you know you can’t make that

schedule?

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Q5: What Are the Keys for Successful SDLC Projects?

• Create a work-breakdown structure.

• Estimate time and costs.

• Create a project plan.

• Adjust plan via trade-offs.

• Manage development challenges.

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10-29

Work

Breakdown

Structure

(WBS)

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10-30

Gantt Chart

of the WBS

for the

Definition

Phase of a

Project

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10-31

Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned

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10-32

Primary Drivers of Systems Development

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10-33

Manage Development Challenges

1. Coordination

2. Diseconomies of scale

Brook's Law

3. Configuration control

4. Unexpected events

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10-34

Diseconomies of Scale

Brooks’ Law

• “Adding more people to a late project makes the project later.”

• New staff must be trained by productive members who lose productivity while training.

• Schedules can be compressed only so far.

• Once a project is late and over budget, no good choice exists.

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10-35

Using MIS InClass 7: Improving the Process of Making

Paper Airplanes

See textbook for exercise instructions.

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10-36

Q6: How Can Scrum Overcome the Problems of the

SDLC?

• Alternatives to SDLC

– Rapid application development

– Unified process

– Extreme programming

– Scrum

– Others

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10-37

Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development

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10-38

Scrum

Essentials

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10-39

Scrum Process

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10-40

When Are We Done?

• Customer is satisfied with the product created and accepts it.

• Project runs out of time.

• Project runs out of money.

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10-41

How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum Process?

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10-42

Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques

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10-43

Q7: 2024

1. Continuing focus on aligning business processes and

information systems with business strategy, goals, and

objectives.

2. Computer systems will be more easily changed and

adapted.

3. The cloud will lead to substantially more innovation.

4. Emergence of new software vendor business models.

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10-44

Security Guide: Psst. There’s Another Way, You Know

• Do you think servers in China were actually shut down?

• Large organizations with good IS departments that had a

firewall set up on port 24 to only allow traffic to go to IP

address of ISP did not lose any designs.

• What about smaller organizations with minimal IS

Department, or supported by small, unsophisticated VAR?

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10-45

Guide: The Real Estimation Process

• Software developers are optimists.

• People can’t work all the time.

• Apply a factor like 0.6 to compute number of effective labor

hours for each employee.

• Be aware of consequences of negotiating a schedule.

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10-46

Active Review

Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Q3: How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model

processes?

Q4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q7: 2024?

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10-47

Case Study 10: Cost of PRIDE

• Typical example of a new software venture.

• So focused on technology and making it work, they neglect

to consider what will happen, in the long term.

• Some problem solutions involve staff training and

procedures.

• Flores and his partners need a longer term direction.

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10-48

Sources of PRIDE Costs

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10-49