Chapter 1 -The Science of Anatomy and Physiology u.docx

Chapter 1: The Science of Anatomy and Physiology

1. Describe the science of anatomy and physiology.1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Compared

2. List the subdivisions in both microscopic and gross anatomy and physiology.Anatomy is the study of structure and formMicroscopic anatomy: the study of anatomic materials using the microscope Cytology - is the study of body cells and their internal structure Histology - is the study of tissuesGross anatomy: the study of structures visible to the unaided eye Systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each functional body system Regional anatomy examines all of the structures in a particular region on the body as a complete unit Surface anatomy focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them Comparative anatomy examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species Embryology is the discipline concerned with developmental change occurring from conception to birth Pathologic anatomy examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease Radiographic anatomy investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be seen by scanningPhysiology is the study of function of the body partsMany specific physiology subdisciplines focus their study on a particular body system Cardiovascular physiology examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood Neurophysiology examines how impulses travel throughout the nervous system and how the organs work Respiratory physiology studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs Reproductive physiology how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive/influence the system Pathophysiology investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology Integrated

1. Examine how the studies of form and function are interrelated.Anatomists focus on the form and structures of the organs of body systems Physiologist focus on the function of the organs of body systems1.3 The Bodys Level of Organization

1. List the characteristics common to all living things.2. Describe the levels of organization in the human body.3. Compare the organ systems of the human body.Several properties are common to all organisms: Organization Metabolism Growth and development Responsiveness Regulation ReproductionSeveral levels of organization in the human body: Chemical level (smallest) Atoms smallest unit of matter Molecules two or more atoms joined Macromolecules some proteins and DNA molecules Organelles two or more macromolecules Cellular level Cells smallest living structure Tissue level Tissues groups of similar cells that perform common functions Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities Connective tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs Muscle tissue provides movement Nerve tissue conducts nerve impulses for communication Organ level Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function Organism level (highest level) All body systems functionally independently in an organism, which is a living beingOrgan SystemsIntegumentary System: provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, and prevents water loss.Skeletal System: provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments.Endocrine System: consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, which regulate development, growth and metabolism; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproduction.Cardiovascular System: consists of the heart and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products.Muscular System: produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.Nervous System: a regulatory system that controls body movement by initiating responses to muscles, processes, and responds to stimuli. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.Lymphatic System: transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and participates in an immune response when necessary.Respiratory System: responsible for exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between blood and the air in the lungs.Urinary System: filters blood and removes waste products from blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.Digestive System: mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.Male Reproductive System: produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone), and transfers sperm to the female.Female Reproductive System: produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn.

1. Describe the anatomic position and its importance in the study of anatomy.1.4 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

2. Describe the anatomic sections and planes throughout the body.3. Define the difference anatomical directional terms.4. Identify the major regions of the body, using proper anatomic terminology.5. Describe the body cavities and their subdivisions.6. Explain the role of serous membranes in the ventral cavities.

Anatomical Directional Terms

DirectionTermMeaning

Relative to front or back of the bodyAnteriorIn front of; towards the front surface

PosteriorIn back of; towards back surface

DorsalAt the back of the body

VentralAt the belly side of the body

Relative to the head or bottom of the bodySuperiorCloser to the head

InferiorCloser to the feet

Cranial (cephalic)At the head end

CaudalAt the rear/tail end

RostralTowards the nose or mouth

Relative to the midline or center of the bodyMedialTowards the midline of the body

LateralAway from the midline of the body

DeepOn the inside; internal to another structure

SuperficialOn the outside

Relative to point of attachment of appendageProximalClosest to point of attachment to trunk

DistalFurthest from point of attachment to trunk

Regional Anatomy

Body Cavities and Membranes

1.5 Homeostasis: Keeping Internal Conditions Stable

1. Define the components of a homeostatic system.2. Be able to recognize each of the components in representative systems.3. Define negative and positive feedback.4. Explain how homeostatic mechanisms regulated by negative and positive feedback detect and respond to environmental changes.5. Define Components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism1. Stimulus changes in a variable that is regulated (temperature, stretch in muscle)2. Receptor structure that detects the stimulus (sensory neurons in the skin stretch receptors in muscles)3. Receptor sends input information to the control center (if receptor and control center are separate structures)4. Control Center - integrates input and initiates change through the effector (usually the brain or endocrine gland)5. Control center sends output information to an effector6. Effector - structure (muscle/gland) that brings about a change to the stimulus7. Homeostasis restored! Negative FeedbackWhen a variable is regulated by negative feedback, the variable fluctuates around a set point.Example: Negative feedback mechanism for regulating body temperature.Body temperature falls below normal: Stimulus cold temperatures lower body temperature below normal Receptors sensory receptors in skin detect cold and send information to brain Control center hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius send info to effector Effector blood vessels in skin constrict; sweat glands become inactive; skeletal muscles shiver to generate and conserve heat Homeostasis Body temperature returns to normalBody temperature rises above normal: Stimulus vigorous exercise or hot temperatures raise body temperatures above normal Receptors sensory receptors in skin and other organs detect heat Control center - hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius Effectors blood vessels in skin dilate; sweat glands secrete sweat, which, if evaporated, will cool the skin Homeostasis body temperature returns to normalPositive FeedbackThe stimulus here is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs, following the climatic event the body returns to homeostasis.Example: Positive feedback while breastfeeding Stimulus baby suckles at breast Receptor sensory receptors in the skin of the breast detect the suckling; sends impulses to hypothalamus Control center hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin Effector - oxytocin released into blood stimulates milk ejection from the breast Milk is released and baby feeds and continues suckling 1.6 Homeostasis, Health, and Disease

Homeostasis is a term that describes the many physiologic processes to maintain the health of the body They are dynamic The control center is generally the nervous or endocrine system There are three components: receptor, control center, and effector They are typically regulated through the negative feedback to maintain a normal value or set point It is when these systems fail that a homeostatic imbalance or disease results; ultimately threatening the individuals survival