CHAPTER 1 The Emergence of Human Societies, to 3000 B.C.E. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 1

The Emergence of Human Societies,

to 3000 B.C.E.

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1. Our Earliest Ancestors

A. Hominids and Cultural Adaptation1. Hominid adaptation through intelligence

B. Foraging, Family, and Gender1. Foraging bands2. Family, gender, and child rearing3. Social cooperation

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1. Our Earliest Ancestors (cont’d)

C. Ice Age Migrations and Homo Sapiens1. Migration to Eurasia2. Evolution of Homo Sapiens3. Development of intellectual and linguistic skills4. Population growth5. Migration to Australia and Americas

D. Physical and Cultural Diversity1. A single species2. The environment and cultural diversity

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1. Our Earliest Ancestors (cont’d)

E. Paleolithic Cultural and Spiritual Perspectives1. Symbolic and artistic expression2. Rituals and religion

F. Intercultural Connections and Conflicts1. Commercial connections2. Conflict over resources

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2. The Origins and Impact of Agriculture

A. The Origins of Farming and Herding1. West Asian beginnings2. Climate and settled agriculture3. Settlement, population, and productivity4. Animal husbandry

B. Agricultural Innovation and Expansion1. Agricultural diversity and dissemination2. Agricultural innovation3. Farming and population growth

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2. The Origins and Impact of Agriculture (cont’d)

C. Foragers, Hunter-Farmers, and Pastoral Nomads1. Persistence of foraging and other social patterns2. Connections between nomads and settled farmers

D. Agricultural Society: Village, Family, and Land1. Village life2. Growth and social complexity3. Farming, family, and gender

E. The Impact of Agriculture1. The disadvantages of farming2. Surpluses

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3. The Emergence of Complex Societies

A. Towns, Cities, Occupations, and Religion 1. Surplus food and urbanization2. Economic specialization3. The growth of organized religion4. Political elites

B. States and Civilizations1. Political centralization2. The power of cities3. Civilization and rivers

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