Chapter 1 Quick review over Electronics and Electric Components Prepared By : Elec Solv
Dec 22, 2015
Chapter 1
Quick review over Electronics and Electric Components
Prepared By : Elec Solv
Quick review over Electronics & Electric Components :-
1. Resistors2. Capacitors .3. Switches and Relays .4. Diodes .5. Transistors .6. Voltage Regulators .7. Operation Amplifiers .8. Logic Gates .9. Boards .
1. Resistors
Definition .Usage .Connection in the Circuit .Types .Power Budget .
• Definition
Resistor is a passive component that prevents the current to pass in the electric circuit .
V = I . R Where : V = The Voltage across the resistor in Volts . I = The Current passing in the resistor in Amperes . R =The Value of the resistor in Ohms .
• Connection in the circuit
Parallel Connection . The Voltage is constant . The Current is divided .
Series Connection . The Voltage is divided . The Current is constant.
• Connection in the circuit
Pull Up Resistor
Pull Down Resistor
• Types
Types of Resistors
Variable Fixed
oReadings table for Fixed Resistors
o Fixed Resistors
o Variable Resistors
Resistors values is being changed manually potentiometer Trimmer
o Variable Resistors
Resistors change its value due to physical phenomena :-
LDR - Light Dependant Resistance – the value of this resistance is inverse proportion with the amount of light falling on it .
Thermistor , and so many types .
• Power Budget
We mean by Power Budget , the maximum power that the resistor can withstand without being damaged .
2. Capacitors
Definition .Types .Application .
• Definition
A Capacitor consists of two plates between them there is a dielectric material and it store electrical energy .
• Types
Polarized :- We must wire the anode
to positive terminal to the battery and the cathode to the negative terminal of the battery .
Non-polarized :- No anode or cathode .
• Application
Smoothing the signals like in Rectifier Circuits .
Used with other ICs to make them do some functions .
3. Switches and Relays
Definition .
Rating .
Types .
• Definition of a Switch
A Switch is a component that allows us to make the circuit opened or closed circuit .
• Definition of a Relay
A Relay is an electromechanical switch , that means that it is a normal switch but it is controlled electrically as we see in the figures .
o Rating of switches
Switches’ rating is :-
Max current that can pass through it without having a fault .
The max voltage that could be applied across it without having a fault .
o Rating of Relays
Relays’ rating is :- The value and type of the
voltage applied across the coil to energize the electromagnetic field .
The max current can pass through the contact without having a fault .
The type and max value of the voltage applied across the contact without having a fault .
• Types
Switches and Relays can be classified according to many characteristics like rating , pole and throw and applications .We will discuss the basic of two classifications .
• Pole and Throw
Pole : is the piece of copper that connects the current in the switch Throw : is the point that the pole touches when connecting the current .We can say they are :
SPST DPDT And so many of them .
• According to Operation
Limit SwitchOn – Off – ON switchOn – off switch Push button Present Sensor And so may types
4. Diodes
Definition .Meter Check .Types .Application .
• Definition
A Diode is an electronic gate that allow the current to flow in one direction .
• Meter Check
Use the Multi-meter on the Buzzer mode , and wire its two terminals to the 2 sides of the diode then:-
The Multi-meter will read very high value if the diode is reversed .
The multi-meter will read very low value if the diode is forward biased .
• Types
There are many types of diodes like :-
Normal Diode . Zener Diode . LED – Light Emitting Diode - . Some other types . Note that a Bridge is
combination of 4 diodes .
• Application
Diodes are used in several application like :-
Half-wave rectifier circuit . Power Supply Circuits . Protect electronic circuits .
5. Transistors
Definition & Types .Meter Check .Modes .Application .
• Definition & Types
The Transistor is a three-terminal component . It is used as amplifier or electronic switch and so many usages .We will learn about BJT transistor , and it has two types :-
NPN PNP
• Meter Check
We’ll put the Multi-meter on the Buzzer mode and check each PN junction in the transistor .
• Modes
Transistor has 3 modes of operating :-
Saturation ( as a closed switch ) .
Cutoff ( as an opened switch ) .
Active mode ( as an amplifier) .
• Application
Relay Driver Circuit
6. Voltage Regulators
Definition .
Types .
Application .
• Definition
It is designed to adjust the current passing through the load – so it maintains a constant output voltage – by comparing the supply’s DC output voltage with a fixed or programmed reference voltage .
• Types
Fixed Positive ( 78xx series ) Negative (79xx series)
Adjustable
• Applications
Power Supply Circuit .
7. Operational Amplifiers
Definition .Modes .Application .
We will deal with 741 IC while there are many types of Op Amps .
• Definition
Operational Amplifier is an IC that is designed to do several functions like :-
Amplifying Signals . Comparing between two
signals . Summing Signals . And so many applications .
• Modes
Comparator .Inverting .Non-inverting .Summer .Differentiator .And other modes .
• We can use :-
The formula (V1 - V2 ) A = Vout
A = The Gain .V1 = Input Voltage on the non-inverting pin .
V2 = Input Voltage on the inverting pin .
Vout = Output Voltage .
• Inverting , Non-inverting
Inverting :- Amplifies the signal with
a controlled gain .
Non-inverting :- Amplifies the signal with a
controlled gain and invert it .
A = Vout / Vin = - Rf / Ri
A = Vout / Vin = 1 + (Rf / Ri)
• Comparator
At Vinput > Vref
Vo=+Vsupply
At Vinput < Vref
Vo=-Vsupply
• Application
Light advanced switch
8. Logic Gates
Logic gates have many different families and types but we will discuss :-
AND OR NOT
• NOT gate 7404
• AND gate 7408
• OR gate 7432
• Application
They are the main structure of the logic designs .Used in the integrated circuits to make flip flops , counters and shift registers and so on .
9. Boards
DefinitionTypes of boardsTypes of componentsHow to make a PCB
• Definition
It is a board that allows us to wire the electronic component together with little number of wires .
• Types
Bread board Just used once and we
use tin to fix the component to it .
Test Board Can be used several
times as the component are fixed and can be replaced from it
• Types of Components
Surface mount Components that don’t
need drilling in the board .
Through hole Components that need
drilling in the board .
• How to make a PCB ?!
PCB is the way we translate the simulated circuits into our physical world. It has a 3 way of representation.
1- Prepared PCBs 2- Manual PCBs 3- Semi Manually PCBs
There are fully automated processes where we use machines to finish the PCB.
Questions ?
End