© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body
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Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body
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Organization of the Human Body Anatomy and physiology definedLevels of organization and body systemsLife processesHomeostasisBody cavities
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Anatomy and Physiology Defined __________
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
__________ Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
Anatomy and Physiology Defined Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Levels of Organization and Body Systems
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Chemical Level
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Cellular Level
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Tissue Level
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Organ Level
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System Level
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Organismal Level
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• Homeostatic Relationships
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Life Processes All living organisms have certain characteristics that set them apart from
nonliving things The following are six important life processes of humans
________ - sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body ________ - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal (inside the body) or external
(outside the body) environment ________ - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles
inside cells _______ - increase in body size _______ - the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells _______ - refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or (2) the
production of a new individual
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Life Processes All living organisms have certain characteristics that set them apart from
nonliving things The following are six important life processes of humans
Metabolism - sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body Responsiveness - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal (inside the body) or
external (outside the body) environment Movement - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles
inside cells Growth - increase in body size Differentiation - the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells Reproduction - refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or (2) the
production of a new individual
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Life Processes – Survival Needs Water
60–80% of body weight Allows metabolic reaction
Maintenance of stable body temperature Maintenance of appropriate atmospheric
pressure
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Homeostasis – Maintaining Limits Homeostasis ensures that the body’s internal
environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body
Homeostasis is a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis is necessary for normal body function and
life Homeostatic imbalance = disease
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• Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis
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Parts of a FeedbackSystem
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Negative Feedback System
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• Negative Feedback Control of Blood Pressure
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• Positive Feedback Control of Labor
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Anatomical Terms – The Language of Anatomy Anatomical terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding Exact terms are used for
Locations Direction Regions Structures
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Anatomical Terms – Directional Terms
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Anatomical Terms – Body Planes and Sections ____ section – divides body (or organ) into left and right portions Median, or ____, section – divides body (or organ) into equal left and
right portions ____ section - divides body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
“cuts off your face” _____, or cross, section – divides body (or organ) into superior and
inferior parts “cuts off your legs”
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Anatomical Terms – Body Planes and Sections Sagittal section – divides body (or organ) into left and right portions Median, or midsagittal, section - divides body (or organ) into equal left
and right portions Frontal section – divides body (or organ) into anterior and posterior
parts “cuts off your face”
Transverse, or cross, section – divides body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
“cuts off your legs”
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Body Cavities
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The Thoracic Cavity The dashed lines indicate the borders of the mediastinum. The mediastinum is the anatomical region medial to the lungs
that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
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The Thoracic Cavity The dashed lines indicate the borders of the mediastinum. The mediastinum is the anatomical region medial to the lungs
that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
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Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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