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RESEARCH IN NURSING
By: ELVIE A. IMASON-RAMOS, MAN, RN
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Explore the definitions of nursing
research.
Differentiate research in nursing
and nursing research.
Identify goals or nursing
research.
Provide reasons for conducting
research.
Learning Outcomes:
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Discuss the general and specific
purposes of nursing research.
Critically evaluate the scientific
approach to nursing research.
Determine the characteristics of
nursing research.
Learning Outcomes:
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Classify researches in nursing.
Identify the research roles of
nurses.Analyze the qualities of a good
nurse researcher.
Assess the alternative routes toproblem solving.
Learning Outcomes:
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Research is the process of
going up alleys to see if
they are blind.
- Marston Bates
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Increasingly engaged in disciplined
studies that benefit the profession and
its client to the improvement of theentire health care system.
Obliged to provide updated ways of
addressing client concerns whether
found in hospital, community center or
any health care settings.
Significance of Research for Nurses:
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Expected to base their professional
practices on emerging evidence
from research.The 1stquestion that requires an
immediate answer before
conducting a research is What isnursing research?
Significance of Research for Nurses:
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Re-searchsimply means to search
again.
Researchis a methodicexamination that uses regimented
techniques to resolve questions
or decipher dilemmas.(Broswell & Cannon, 2007)
Research:
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Is associated with theory development in the
patient outcomes attitudes of nurses
effectiveness of administrative policy and
teaching strategies in nursing education
which contributes to the development and
refinement of theory.
(Schmidt & Brown, 2009)
Nursing Research:
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Is a systematic inquiry designed to develop
trustworthy evidence about issues of
importance to the nursing profession
including nursing practice education
administration and informatics.
(Polit & Beck, 2008)
Nursing Research:
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As the systematic objective process of
analyzing phenomena of importance to
nursing.
(Nieswiadomy, 2008)
Nursing Research:
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Is a scientific process that validates and
refines existing knowledge and generates
new knowledge that directly and indirectly
influences clinical nursing practice.
(Burns & Groove, 2007)
Nursing Research:
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As a formal rigorous and intensive process
used for solutions to nursing problems or to
discover and interpret new facts and trends
in clinical practice nursing education or
nursing administration.
(Waltz & Bausell, 2001)
Nursing Research:
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As rigorous guidelines to produce unbiased
trustworthy answers to questions about
nursing practice.
(Houser, 2008)
Nursing Research:
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Nursing Research is a systematic collection
and analysis of data to illuminate and
decribe or explain new facts and
relationships.
(Treece & Treece, 2008)
Nursing Research:
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Isatesting of knowledge that can be used to
guide nursing practice
(National Center for Nursing Research)
Nursing Research:
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Is an honest scientific investigation undertaken for the
purpose of discovering new facts which will
contribute to the present body of knowledge and can
lead to effective to an effective solution of existing
problems. It involves careful or critical thinking to
revise or revalidate accepted conclusions and
previously held concepts or to establish
generalizations or principles.
(PNA, 1963)
Nursing Research:
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ParadigmNursing Research:
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RLE Skills Activity:
Go over the definition of nursing
research and list or highlightthe words that uniquely
describe nursing research for
you. Explain why?
Nursing Research:
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Clinical Nursing Research is to
research designed to generate
knowledge to guide nursingpractice and to improve the health
and quality of life of nurses
clients.(Polit & Beck, 2008)
Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research:
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Clinical Nursing Research is a
research that is undertaken to
produce knowledge that will affectthe conduct of nursing practice.
(Nieswiadomy, 2008)
Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research:
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Nursing problems and issues are
integral to the work situation.
Personal satisfaction is derivedfrom finding better ways of
providing nursing care.
No one has greater access to theclient than the nurse.
Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research:
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It could be therapeutic and
enjoyable for the client to
participate in clinical research.Is a practical way for a nurse to
help improve the health care of
the sick and well individuals.
Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research:
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Nurses tend to feel that they are
busy caring for patients.
Unless the nurse has hadacademic training in theoretical
conceptualizations, research may
not seem important.
Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research:
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Unless the importance of
research is felt and recognized,
nurses may not be able to identifyresearchable problems.
Many nurses do not have the
academic training needed to feelconfident in doing clinical
research.
Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research:
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The ethical requirements of
research are difficult to comply
with and tend to scare would-be
researchers.
Unless administrators are
research oriented, the nursing
staff feels the futility of support for
nursing research.
Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research:
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Research takes time and time
costs money. Without sufficient
funding, research may not beconducted due to lack of
resources.
Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research:
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It refer to research done in the
course of nursing practice.
It is distinguished by the subjectmatter of the research.
Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing:
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Nursing Research refers to
research done on addressing the
health concerns of clients and
application of the research on
their care.
Research in Nursing refers to
studies on the particular concernsof nurses themselves.
Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing:
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Is a useful general guide to a
researcher in the choice of topic to
study.
RN requires a broader study of the
nursing profession, its concept,
theories, principles and policies or
guidelines inherent in the practice ofnursing.
Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing:
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RN it also dwells on historical,
ethical, legal and moral standards as
well as the duties and responsibilities
of a nurse practitioner and the
implications of these to individual
clients and to society.
NR is still need to continuously delveinto the issues.
Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing:
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Many researcher believe that its is
easier to do RN.
They find out that what is moreimportant in the choice of the study is
interestin the choice of research
problem.
RN & NR are worthy of ones timeand effort.
Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing:
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An exploratory study of
mothering for teens with Attention
Deficit Disorder.Development of a nursometric
(nursing measurement)
instruments for use in quantifyingdiet change patterns among
Examples of Nursing Research:
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Disengagement behaviors of
adult children toward their elderly
parents.
Examples of Nursing Research:
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Job satisfaction and
acculturation of Filipino Nurses in
Australia.Performance of nursing
graduates from Manila and other
Regions in the LicensureExamination in 2009-2011.
Examples of Research in Nursing:
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Leadership and management
styles of nurse leaders in
selected Metro Manila Hospitals.
Examples of Research in Nursing:
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Provide Efficient and Effective
Nursing Care.
Promote the Worth and Value of the
Nursing Profession to Society.Identification, Implementation and
Evaluate Effective Health Care
Modalities.
Utilize CNR as EB data to provide
Quality Care to Clients.
Goals of Nursing Research:
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Gathers data or information on
nursing situations or conditions
about which little knowledge isavailable.
Provides scientific knowledge
base from which nursing theoriesemerge and develop.
Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:
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Helps correct, clarify, validate
and expand perceptions.
Provides theoretical andscientific basis for nursing
practice.
Defines parameters of nursingand identifies its boundaries.
Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:
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Documents the social relevance
and efficiency of nursing practice
to people and health careproviders.
Describes the characteristics of
the nursing situation about whichlittle is known.
Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:
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Predicts probable outcomes of
nursing decisions in relation to
client care.Provides knowledge for
purposes of problem solving and
decision making.
Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:
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Develops and evaluates nursing
theories and concepts and
practices these for clarity andvalidity of nursing actions.
Prevents undesirable client
reactions.
Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:
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Develops considerable degree of
confidence. Professional
undertakings are intended toachieve desired client behaviors.
Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing:
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It answers questions to solve
problems.
It provides tools for observationto generate knowledge as basis
for predicting and controlling
phenomenon.
Purposes of Nursing Research:
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A nurse can apply this knowledge
in practice and prescribe
accurately and professionallywithout untoward client response
or reactions to nursing
interventions. (Polit & Beck,
2008)
Purposes of Nursing Research:
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Best practices are those that
produce the most desirable
patient outcomes throughscientific data. (Boswell &
Cannon, 2007)
Purposes of Nursing Research:
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Identification
Description
Exploration
Explanation
Prediction & Control
Tasks of Research:
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It assesses situations that need
clarification or identification.
There is awareness that aproblem or issues exists.
This requires from the nurse a
quick identification of the cause ofthe problem.
Tasks of Research: Identification
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It aims to describe phenomenon that
relates to nursing profession.
It also observes, defines addocuments nursing situations inquiry.
It determine the relationship
between and among variableinvestigated.
Tasks of Research: Description
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It explores phenomenon by
observing and recording events and
situations occurring in that
phenomenon.
It answers what questions on the
phenomenon.
To understand the phenomenon
precisely and accurately.
Tasks of Research: Exploration
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It seeks clarification of a prevailing
situation to answer questions that ask
why a phenomenon occurred.
It calls upon existing theories for
clarifying, explaining and integrating
ideas.
To determine the reasons for existenceof a particular phenomenon.
Tasks of Research: Explanation
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It anticipates possible psychological
and physiological reactions to
nursing interventions.
It provides a basis for decisions by
eliminating barriers and sourcing
ways and strategies that would bring
about effective client care outcomes.
Tasks of Research: Prediction Control
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Prediction ( Research Projects
situations or events that could arise
from research investigation)
Control (Research puts up a
barrier to hinder or minimize the
effects of anticipated outcomes or
reactions.
Tasks of Research: Prediction Control
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To seeks to harness the
intellectual capabilities of the
individual to discover, interpret, and
develop methods to advance
knowledge in various fields.
It uses scientific methods to seek
the truth of a matter.
Scientific Approach to Nursing Research
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It provides scientific information
and theories to explain the problem.
Its ultimate goal is the practicalapplication of the research findings.
It make use of empirical data
gathered through five senses.
Scientific Approach to Nursing Research
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It uses the scientific methods to
obtain knowledge that can be
generalized across similar clients
suffering the same disease albeit in
different situation.
Scientific Approach to Nursing Research
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1. Orderly and Systematic
2. Control
3. Empirical4. Generalization
5. Intensive
Characteristics of Research
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identify the problem
determine the purpose of the study
review of related literaturetheoretical/conceptual framework
study assumptions
acknowledge the limitation of thestudy
Characteristics of Research: Orderly Systematic
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formulate the null hypothesis
define study variables
choice of research designidentify the target population
choose the study samples
conduct the field test
Characteristics of Research: Orderly Systematic
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To ensure precision and validity of
results.
To justify and validate conclusionsdrawn from the investigation.
In experimental research, controlled
subjects or controlled procedures
permit comparison with results.
Characteristics of Research: Control
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It uses results of experiences and
observations rooted in objective
reality as a sources of knowledge.
It must be objective, precise,
verifiable and replicable.
To replicate and to assess the
validity and reliability.
Characteristics of Research: Empirical
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The findings of the study are
deemed to have an applicability to
the entire population.
It is based on the results obtained
on the sample cases and instances
having common traits and
characteristics as the universe.
Characteristics of Research: Generalization
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Is used to ensure that all the
possible loopholes in the study are
covered.
It is usually done by carefully
selecting the population and sample,
formulating the method by which data
would be gathered and analyzed,including appropriate statistical tool.
Characteristics of Research: Intensive
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If men liked shopping theyd call it research.
- Cynthia Nelms
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According to APPROACH
According to MEASUREMENT AND
DATA ANALYSIS
According to TIME FRAME
According to MOTIVE OR
OBJECTIVE
According to RESEARCH
ENVIRONMENT
Classification of Nursing Research
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Experimentalcause & effect
relationship
Non-experimentaldescribe &analyze
Quasi-experimentalpartial
experiment
Combinedmixed methods,
triangulation
Classification of Nursing Research: Approach
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Quantitativefrequency,
magnitude of events
Qualitativeperceptions, insightsCombinedmixed methods
Classification of Nursing Research: MDA
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Longitudinal/prospectivefuture
data
Cross-sectionalpresent dataRetrospectivepast data
Classification of Nursing Research: Time Frame
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Basic researchknowledge
generation
Applied researchimproveprofessional practice
Historicalmeaning of past events
Classification of Nursing Research: Motive
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Field researchcommunity
research
Laboratory researchdemonstration research
Clinical researchrelated learning
experiences
Classification of Nursing Research: RE
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As Principal Investigators
As a Member of a Research Team
As Evaluator of Research Findings
As Consumers of Research
Findings
As Client Advocates in a Research
Study
As Subjects of Research
Role of Nurses in Research
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Honest and credible
Accurate in data collection
Organized and systematicLogical
Exhibits self-aware
Imaginative and curious
Qualities of Good Nurse Researchers
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Persistent with barriers
Establishes good relationships with
Respondents and otherresearchers
Updated and informed of present
issues and events
Qualities of Good Nurse Researchers
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Ignore or redefine the problem
Faith, habit or traditional practice
AuthorityHuman experience
Trial and error
Logical reasoning
Alternative Routes to Problem Solving
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Common sense
Problem and the nursing process
Research and problem solving
Alternative Routes to Problem Solving
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PROBLEM SOLVING NURSING PROCESS
a. Identify the problem a. Client assessment
b. Gather information b. Nursing diagnosis
c. Generate alternative
solutions
c. Plan of action
d. Consider the outcomes d. Goal and objective
setting
e. Choices of solution e. Alternative nursing
actions
f. Implement solution f. Implementation
g. Evaluate results g. Evaluation
RESEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING
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Identify the problem Identify the problem
Review of Related Literature Gather pertinent information
Theoretical framework Suggest solutionsQuestions to be answered or
hypothesis to be tested
Consider outcome
Research design and
methodology
Choice of solution
Data gathering Implements solution
Analysis and interpretation of
data
Evaluate results of
implementation
Summary, conclusions and
recommendation
Modify, revise, change
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There are many similarities
between the two. Both follow the
same process except that research
has a broader application than that
of simple problem solving that is
limited to the specific issue in
question.
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If we knew what we
were doing it wouldnt
be research.
Albert Einstein
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Thank you!