Chapter 1 - .NET Overview

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Overview

At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to

understand the origin of .NET, what it encompasses

and what functionality does the .NET framework

provides.


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Scope

Introduction to .NET

.NET Framework

Architecture of .NET Framework

Common Language Runtime (CLR)

Advantages of .NET

Effect of .NET on the End Users


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In the initial stages of Web development, people

used isolated PCs in order to connect to the Internet.

But as the need arose, they moved from isolated PCs

to using both PCs and plethora of devices.

.NET is Microsofts next generation revolutionary

new platform for Windows and Internet software

development, based on open Internet protocols andstandards.


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The overall vision of Microsoft .NET is to create a

common platform for building applications.

. NET initiative is all about enabling data transfer

between networks, PCs and devices independent ofplatforms, architecture and solutions.

The developers have broad freedom to write their

applications in whatever programming languagethey are comfortable with.


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Microsoft has shipped various different

programming languages within Visual Studio. NET,

but there are actually more than 20 languages in all

that are going to target the .NET framework. .NET initiative basically revolves around the .NET

Framework that encompasses execution platform.


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.NET Framework

The .NET Framework provides the most important

functionality of integrating different programming

languages with each other.

It allows the developers to work in the language theywant.

It saves time, enables automatic transactions and

memory management


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The major components

of the .NET Framework

can be better explained

with the help of thegiven diagram:


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Built on top of the operating system services is a

CLR, the heart of the .NET Framework.

It manages the need of running code written in any

modern programming language.

It supplies many services that help simplify the code

development and application deployment.


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The framework also includes a set of unified class

libraries.

They include the higher level services which include

the various programming models that providecomponents and services for developing web sites

and web services.


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Common Language Runtime

The CLR provides the execution environment for the

.NET Framework applications.

It is a runtime that is usable by different and variedprogramming languages.


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Unified Classes The classes of the .NET

Framework provide aunified, object oriented,

and hierarchical set ofclass libraries.

Some of the servicesprovided by the UnifiedClasses are shown in the

given figure


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The figure in the previous slide shows a base set of class

libraries that facilitate many aspects of application

development such as user interfaces, data storage, and

input/output.

These unified programming classes also provide support

for developing more traditional Windows-based

applications.


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CLR is a set of standard resources that any .NET

program can take advantage of, regardless of the

programming language.

Thus, it makes different programming languagesmore equal in capability.

The CLR makes it easy to design components and

applications whose objects interact across languages.


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When CLR processes the code, it has no idea of the

programming language that was used to generate

that code.

The code can be developed in any programminglanguage as long as the compiler used to compile the

code targets the CLR.

The compiler just checks the syntax and ensures thatwhatever the code is written makes sense; after that

the code is handled by the CLR.


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Architecture of CLR

It is very important to

understand the

architecture of the CLR

A diagrammatic

representation is given

here:


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Working of CLR

The whole concept of the working of CLR can be brokenup into the following steps:

Processing of a single source code

A single code is compiled by the compiler. Aftercompilation the compiled code is converted into theEXE/DLL file and is ready to be executed.

This is known as the Managed Module.

Actually, this Managed Module is known as theAssembly, which comprises of the IntermediateLanguage (IL).


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IL is a CPU independent set of instructions that can beefficiently converted to the native code. It includesinstructions for loading, storing, initializing and callingmethods on objects. Apart from this, it also includesinstructions for arithmetic and logical operations,control flow, direct memory access, exceptionhandling, and such other operations.

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Before, the MSIL can be executed, it must be converted

by the Just In Time (JIT) compiler to native code.

This JIT compiler is provided by the CLR, for each

supported CPU architecture. The compilation is done only once and the results are

cached for the further use.

The CLR contains a number of JIT compilers, which

convert the IL into native code (binary code).

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Concise Example

A concise example is discussed below in order to know

what happens when a code is written.

There is a C# code which displays Hello World onbeing executed. The listing of the code is:

using System;

class a{

public static void main() {Console.Writeline(HELLO WORLD);

}

}

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Open the Visual Studio

Command Prompt, and

compile the program.

As the code is

compiled, it is converted

into an EXE/DLL file,

the output of which is

shown in the followingscreen:

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Processing of Multiple Codes

when there is more than a single code, written in

multiple languages which has to be executed then the

concept and working of the CLR changes to a certainextent.

The CLR works with the help of Assemblies. This can

be explained with the help of the following example:

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If a programmer wants to write a code in C# which

displays HELLO WORLD.

Another programmer wants to do the same thing in

some other language.

In this case Multilanguage integration feature of the

CLR comes into action.

When there are more than one Managed Modules then

a tool, commonly known as Assembly Linker, is usedto convert all these managed modules to the Assembly.

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This can be explained

clearly with the help of

the figure:

Now, this assembly

which comprises of the

IL and the Metadata is

processed in the same

way as the single file

assembly is processedupon by the CLR.

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Advantages of .NET

The major advantages of .NET Framework can be

summarized as follows:

Ability to use any programming language

Well designed development tools

Improved code design

Support for loosely and tightly coupled architectures

Legacy components and applications

Easy Data Access

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Advantages of .NET

Evidence Based Security

Simplified application deployment

Increased Reliability

Improved Performance

Unified Programming model

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Effect on the End Users

.NET has its implications on all sorts of software

professionals: Developers, Infrastructure Engineers

and other End Users. Here is a list of them:

Programming Models: One of the key benefits of the.NET Framework is that it provides a gradual

transition from simpler to much more complex

programming models.

Reducing Barriers: programming for Internet

requires a completely different programming model.

The .NET Framework reduces many of these

differences.

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Effect on the End Users

Built-in Functionality: The .NET Frameworkcontinues the tradition of providing more and morebuilt-in functionality.

Easier Deployment: One of the Basic design goals of

Microsoft .NET Framework is to simplify theinstallation and configuration of the software.

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Summary

.NET is based on the Internet protocols andstandards.

The programming language support of .NET allowsaccess to any other component regarding of the

language it was developed in. The objective of the .NET Framework is to simplify

the building of the Web Applications and WebServices.

The .NET Framework is divided into two majorcomponents; Unified classes and CommonLanguage Runtime.

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Summary

CLR provides the execution environment for .NETFramework applications.

IL is a CPU independent machine language.

Metadata is produced by the compiler, whichdescribes the types in the code, and the definition ofeach type.

The CLR contains the JIT compiler which convertsthe IL to the native code.

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Self Assessment

Fill up the blanks:

The heart of the .NET Framework is known as the

________________

A major design goal of the .NET is to _______ theconfiguration and installation of the software.

The __________reduces the use of Interface Definition

Language.

The Runtime Environment is provided by the___________ in the .NET Framework.

The _________converts the IL into native code.

CLR

simplify

CLR

JIT

Metadata

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Self Assessment

State True or False:

The class libraries of the .NET Framework provide a rich

built in functionality. (T/F)

The runtime fails to provide the services such as memorymanagement. (T/F)

In the .NET Framework, the code has to be compiled

every time it has to be executed. (T/F)

Value types are either built in value types or user definedtypes. (T/F)

The basic idea behind the CLR was to allow the

developers to write less code and use more code. (T/F)

T

F

F

T

T

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