Chapter 1 Introduction to Physics Teacher's Guide 2009

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4

Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

1.1 Understanding Physics

PHYSICS

Study of the natural phenomena and the

properties of matter.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Mechanical Energy

Heat Energy

Light Energy

Wave Energy

Electrical Energy

Nuclear Energy

Chemical Energy

Relationship

with

matter

Properties of

Energy

Relationship

with

energy

Properties of

Matter

formsstates

Matter Energy

Mechanics

Properties

of matter

Heat

Light

Wave

in the fields

Electricity &

ElectromagnetismAtomic Physics

& Nuclear

Electronics


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1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Base quantity

1 A physical quantity is ..

2 Examples of scientific instruments:

3 A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical

quantities.

4 Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured.

5 List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units.

Base quantity Symbol S.I. Unit Symbol for S.I. Unit

Length

Mass

Time

Current

Temperature

6. Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are:

i) ..unit .. ii) . unit ..

The list of physical quantities :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

8. .

9. .

batterybattery

any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument.

Stopwatch, metre rule balance, thermometer, ammeter

etc.

Height,

mass,

size,

age,

temperature,

current

Power,

Thermal energy

Pressure

l meter m

m kilogram kg

t second s

I Ampere A

T Kelvin K

Light intensity candela Amount of substance mol


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Standard Form

1 Standard form = A x 10n

, 1 < A < 10 and n = integer

2 Standard form is used to ...

3 Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following

quantities in standard form :

a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =.

b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =...

c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m =

b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = ...

c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = ..

Prefixes

1. Prefixes are usually used to ...2. It will be written

3. The list of prefixes :

Tera (T)

Giga (G)

Mega (M)

kilo (k)

mili (m)

micro ()

nano (n)

pico (p)

10

109

106

103

10

0

10-3

10-6

10-9

10-12

Hekto (ha)Deka (da)

desi (d)centi (c)

102

101

10-110

-2

Eg :

1 Tm = .

3.6 mA = .

How to change the unit ;

Eg :

1. Mega to nano

2. Tera to micro

3. piko to Mega

simplify the expression of very large and small numbers

6.37 x 106

m

9.11 x 10-31

kg

3.0 x 10-5

m

7.2 x 10-8

m

5.5 x 10-7

m

represent a large physical quantity or extremely small quantity in

S.I units.before the unit as a multiplying factor.

1 1012

m

3.6 10-3A

1.33 MA = 1.33 106

A

= 1.33 106-(-9)

nA

= 1.33 10-15

nA

1.23 Tm to unit m unit

1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 1012

m

= 1.23 x 1012 (-6)

m

= 1.23 x 1018

m

5456 pA to MA unit

5456 pA = 5.456 x 103 + (-12)

pA

= 5.456 x 10-9pA

= 5.456 x 10-9 (6)

MA

= 5.456 x 10-15

MA


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4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and

small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the

quantities in standard prefixes:

a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = .

b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m =

c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m =

d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg =

Derived quantities

1 A derived quantity is .

2 Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.

Derivedquantity Formula Derived unit Name ofderived unit

area area = length x width m x m = m2

volume volume = length x width x height m x m x m = m3

densityvolume

massd =ensity

3

3mkg

m

kg =

velocitytime

ntdisplacemev =elocity 1sm

s

m =

Accelerationtime

velocityinchangeonaccelerati =

2

11-1

sm

ssms

sm

=

=

momentum momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1

Force force = mass x acceleration kg m s-2 Newton (N)

pressurearea

forcepressure=

2

2

m

kgms kg m

-1s

-2

(Nm-2) @ Pa

weight weight = mass x gravitational acceleration kg ms-2

Newton (N)

work work = force x displacement N mJoule (J)

powertime

workpower = J s

-1 Watt (W)

9.1 10 MHz

12.8 Mm = 1.28 101

Mm

383 Mm = 3.83 10

2

Mm6.0 10

15Tg

a physical quantity which combines several basic quantities

through multiplication, division or both


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Derived

quantityFormula Derived unit

Name of

derived unit

kinetic energy2

velocitymass2

1K.E = kg m

2s

-2 Joule (J)

potentialenergy

P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height kg m2s-2 Joule (J)

charge charge = current x time Ampere second(As)

Coulomb (C)

voltagecharge

workvoltage = J C

-1Volt (V)

resistancecurrent

voltageresistance= VA

-1 Ohm ()

Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement,perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.

1.3 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

1 Scalar quantities are

Examples :

2 Vector quantities are...

Examples :

3 Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require

magnitude, direction or both to specify them.

Description of events Magnitude Direction

1. The temperature in the room is 250C

2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the

north-west of Johor Bahru

3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W

4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahruto Kuala Lumpur

Physical Quantity which has only magnitude or size

Mass, Length, Speed, volume

Physical Quantity which has magnitude or size and direction.

Velocity, Force, Displacement, Acceleration


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1.4 MEASUREMENTS

Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure

1 There are various types of.

2 We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ..

3 Examples of instrument and its measuring ability.

Measuring instrument Range of measurement Smallest scale division

Measuring tape

Meter rule

Vernier caliper

Micrometer screw gauge

4 Sample of measuring instruments:

4.1 Ammeter : ..

4.2Measuring cylinder : ....................

4.3Ruler :

wrong right wrong

10 11 12 13 14 15 Reading = cm

mirror

pointerpointer mirror

Pointers image is behind the pointer

incorrect reading correct

reading1 2 30 4

1 2 30 4

Pointers image can be seen

Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane

of the scale)

wrong position of eye

wrong position of eye

water

is used to determine the volume of liquid.

is used to determine the length

Up to a few meters 0.1 cm

1 m 0.1 cm (0.01 m)

10 cm 0.01 cm

less than 2 cm (20 mm) 0.001 cm (0.01 mm)

is use to measure electric current

measuring instrument with different measuring capabilities.

measure a particular quantity.


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4.4 Vernier calliper

A venier calliper is used to measure:

a. b. .

c. d. .

A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of .... cm.

Length of vernier scale = cm

Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions

Length of the divisions = . cm

Example:

The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading.

Vernier calliper reading = . cm0 5 10

0 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1

Main scale = .

Vernier scale = ..

Final reading = ..

Find the division of

vernier scale which iscoincides with any partof the main scale

0

0 5 10

Main scale in cm

Vernier scale

cm 0 1 2 3 4

insidejawsVernier scale

outside jaws

Main scale

The different between the main scale and vernier

scale is = . cm

0.9

0.09

0.01 cm

0.2 cm

0.06 cm

0.26 cm

small object depth of a hole

external diameter of a cylinder or pipe internal diameter of a pipe or tube

0.01cm

0.15


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4.5 Micrometer screw gauge.

A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure :

a.

b. .

c.

Example :

4.6 Some others measuring instruments :

..

. ..

Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing

appropriate instruments.

One complete turn of the thimble

(50 division) moves the spindle by

0.50 mm.

Division of thimble

= ..

= ..

A accuracy of micrometer

screw gauge = ..

Sleeve scale :

Thimble scale : .

Total reading : ..

Sleeve scale :

Thimble scale : .

Total reading : ...

2.0 mm

0.22 mm

2.22 mm

Analogue stopwatch digital stopwatch thermometer Ammeter

Measuring tape measuring cylinder beaker

objects that are small in size

diameter of a wire

diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings

0.5 50

0.01 mm 4.5 mm

0.01 mm 0.22 mm

4.62 mm


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Exercise: Vernier Callipers

1. Write down the readings shown by the following

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.

Zero error = + 0.02 cm(b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are

40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.

0 5 10

0 1

0 5 1

6 7

0 5 10

7 8

0 5 10

4 5A B

QP

0 5 10

5 6

0 5 10

0 1

Answer: 7.79 cm..

Answer: 4.27 cm..

Answer: 6.28 cm..

Answer: 0.02 cm..


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3. Diagram 3 (a) shows the reading on a pair of vernier callipers when its jaws are closed

with nothing in between them. Diagram 3(b) shows the reading when it is used to

measure the thickness of a piece of wood.

What is the actual thickness of the wood?

Zero error = .. cm

Reading shown = ..cm

Actual thickness of the wood = .cm

Exercise: Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

Zero error = -0.02.. mm Zero error = +0.03.. mm

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

Reading shown = 5.64.cm

Corrected reading = 5.64 - (+ 0.02)= 5.62..cm

0 0

45

5

0

0

5

0

0 5

15

20

Zero error = +0.03mm Reading shown = 6.67..mm

Corrected reading = 6.67-(+0.03)=6.64 mm

0 5 10

0 cm 1 2

(a)

0 5 10

4 5 6

(b)

-0.05

4.51

4.51- (-0.05) =4.56


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2. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.

(a) (b)

Answer: 6.88 mm Answer: ..12.32 mm

(c) (d)

Answer:4.71 mm Answer: 9.17 mm

Accuracy and consistency in measurements.

1. Accuracy :

2. Consistency :

3. Sensitivity :

..

..

Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of

some measuring instruments.

The ability of an instrument to measure nearest to the actual value

The ability of an instrument to measure consistently with little or no relative

deviation among readings.

The ability of an instrument to detect a small change in the quantity measured.

inaccurate but consistent consistent and accurate

Accuratebut not consistent inaccurate and not consistent

35

400 5

30

0 5 1035

20

250

15

200 5


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Errors in measurements

1. All measurements are values

2. In other word, it is a matter of

3. This is because

4. Two main types of errors:4.1

Occurs due to :

a)

b)

c)

Examples :

a)

b)

c)

Absolute error :

.

.

Parallax error :

Example :

Zero error : ...

Posit

Positive zero error Negative zero error

Zero error =

0 1 cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zero error =

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 cm

Refer to the smallest reading that can be measured by an instrument.

If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cm

Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm

It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of

the instrument.

wrong

position of the eye (no error)

wrong

where the pointer is not at zero when not in use

+0.03 cm - 0.04 cm

of approximation only.

how close the measurement is to the actual value.

error exist in all measurements.

Systematic errors

a weakness of the instrument

the difference between reaction time of the brain and the action.

zero error is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use.

Range of the measuring instrument absolute error .

Reaction time of the brain.

Correct reading = observed reading zero error

Zero error of Vernier calliper


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4.2..

Occurs due to

a)

b) c)

Example :

a) ..

b) ..

.....................................................................................................................

1.5 SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION

Steps Explanation

1Making

observation

2Drawing

inferences

3

Identifying

and controlling

variables

Zero error of screw meter gauge

Positive zero error

Horizontal referenceHorizontal reference 3 divisions above

horizontal reference2 divisions belowhorizontal reference

Zero error = + 0.02 mm Zero error = - 0.03 mm

Random error

carelessness in making the measurement.

parallex error , incorrect positioning of the eye when taking the readings.sudden change of ambient factors such as temperature or air circulation.

Readings are close to the actual value but they are not consistent.

Can be minimized by consistently repeating the measurement at different places in

an identical manner.

Gather all available information about the object or phenomenon

to be studied.

Using the five senses, sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell.

A conclusion from an observation or phenomena using information

that already exist.

Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in the

course of a scientific investigation.

There are three variables :

i. Manipulated variables physical quantity which change

according to the aim of the experiment.ii. Responding variables physicals quantity which is the result

of the changed by manipulated variable.

iii. Fixed variables physicals quantities which are keptconstantduring the experiment.

Negative zero error


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4

Formulating a

hypothesis

5Conducting

experiments

Plan and report an experiment

Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a

playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different.

Steps Example : refer to the situation above

1 Inference

2 Hypothesis

3 Aim

4 Variables

5 List of

apparatus and

materials

6 Arrangement of

the apparatus

The period of the oscillation depends on the length of the

pendulum.

When the length of the pendulum increases, the period of the

oscillation increases.Investigate the relationship between length and period of a

simple pendulum.

Manipulated variable : the length of the pendulum.

Responding variable : Period

Fixed variable : the mass of the pendulum and the

displacement.

l

Statement of relationship between the manipulated variable and

the responding variable those we would expect.

Hypothesis can either be true or false but in correct direction.

i. Conduct an experiment includes the compilation and

interpretation of data.

ii. Making a conclusion regarding the validity of the hypothesis.

Retort standprotractor

l

bob


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7 Procedures

8 Tabulate the

data

9

10

11

Analyse thedata

Discussion

Conclusion

T / s

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Graf of period, T vspendulums length, l

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above.2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l = 60.0 cm by using a meter

rule.3. Give the pendulum bob a small displacement 300.Time of

10 oscillations is measured by using a stop watch.4. Repeat the timing for another 10 oscillations. Calculate the

average time.

Period = t10oscillations10

5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l = 50.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 30.0 cmand 20.0 cm

11..558811..550011..331111..119900..9999

1155..881155..001133..111111..9999..99

1155..771155..001133..111111..9999..99

1155..881155..001133..111111..9999..99

6600..005500..004400..003300..002200..00

PPeerriioodd// ss((TT == tt1100//1100))AAvveerraaggee2211

LLeennggtthh,,ll //

ccmm

Time for 10 oscillations / s

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 l / cm

Precautions :

1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained asteady state.

2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.3. Discussion (refer to given questions)

The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.Hypothesis accepted.


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Reinforcement Chapter 1

Part A :Objective Question

1. Which of the following is a base SI

quantity?

A Weight B EnergyC Velocity D Mass

2. Which of the following is a derived

quantity?

A Length B Mass

C Temperature D Voltage

3. Which of the following is not a basic

unit?

A Newton B kilogram

C ampere D second

4. Which of the following quantities

cannot be derived?

A Electric current B Power

C Momentum D Force

5. Which of the following quantities is

not derived from the basic physical

quantity of length?

A Electric charge B Density

C Velocity D Volume

6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v,

time tand another physical quantity k

is related by the equation v - u = kt.

The unit for kis

A m s-1

B m-1

s

C m s-2

D m2

s-2

7. Which of the following has the

smallest magnitude?

A megametre B centimetre

C kilometre D mikrometre

8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is

A 4.328 x 10-9

m B 4.328 x 10-6

m

C 4.328 x 106

m D 4.328 x 109

m

9. Which of the following measurements

is the longest?

A 1.2 x 10-5

cm B 120 x 10-4

dm

C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11

km

10. The diameter of a particle is 250 m.

What is its diameter in cm?

A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4C 2.5 x 10

-6D 2.5 x 10

-8

11. Which of the following prefixes is

arranged in ascending order?

A mili, senti, mikro, desi

B mikro, mili, senti, desiC mili, mikro, desi, senti

D desi, mikro, mili, senti

12. Velocity, density, force and energy are

A basic quantities

B scalar quantities

C derived quantitiesD vector quantities

13. Which of the following shows the

correct conversion of units?

A 24 mm3

=2.4 x 10-6

m3

B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10

-7m

3

C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10

-2m

3

D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10

-4m

3

14. Which of the following measurementsis the shortest ?

A 3.45 x 103

m

B 3.45 x 104

cmC 3.45 x 10

7mm

D 3.45 x 1012

m

15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio

waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in

the north region. What is the frequency

of the radio wave in Hz?

A 9.28 x 104

B 9.28 x 105

C 9.28 x 107

D 9.28 x 1010

16. An object moves along a straight line

for time, t. The length of the line, s is

given by the equation2

2

1gts = . The

SI unit of g is

A m2

s2

B m s-2

C s-1

D s-2

m


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Part B : Structure Question

1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1

from town P to town Q in 2 hours as

shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the

two towns.

P Q

Figure 1

(a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective

SI units.

(ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.

(b) Convert the value 1 . m to standard form.

5 x 10-3

(c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix.

Table 1

(d)Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power interms of its basic units.

(e)Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12cm height in m

3and convert its value in standard form.

Distance : m and time : s

Speed m s-1

= 0.2 x 10 m= 2.0 x 10

2m

10-9

10-6

106

109

Power =time

work=

time

ntdisplacemeForceUnit =

s

mkgms 2= kg m

2s

-3

Volume = (7 x 10-2) (5 x 10

-2) (12 x 10

-2)

= 420 x 10-6

= 4.20 x 10

-4m

3


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2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 03 A range.

Figure 2

(a) (i) Name component X. ...

(ii) What is the function of X? .

(b)Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.

Table 2

(i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ...

(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).

3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye

positions while measuring the volume of the water.

(a) (i) Which of the eye positions is correct while

taking the reading of the volume of water?

.

Figure 3

(b) The water in the measuring cylinder is

replaced with 30 cm3

of mercury.

(i) In Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the

mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4

(ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i).

No

3rd

readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range.

L

The cohesive force is larger than the adhesive force

Mirror

To avoid parallax error

Chapter 1 Introduction to Physics Teacher's Guide 2009

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